Notch pathway inhibition

ABSTRACT

The invention provides Notch pathway inhibition with reduced toxicity.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of priority of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/089,425, filed Dec. 9, 2014, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/023,554, filed Jul. 11, 2014, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety for any purpose.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

This invention was made with government support under Grant No. OD007191 awarded by the National Institutes of Health. The government has certain rights in the invention.

SEQUENCE LISTING

This application contains a Sequence Listing which has been submitted via EFS-Web and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Said ASCII copy, created Jul. 8, 2015, is named 2015-07-09_01146-0036-00US_seq_listing.txt and is 370,450 bytes in size.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to Notch pathway inhibition.

BACKGROUND

The Notch signaling pathway regulates a diverse array of cell functions (Kopan et al., Cell 137, 216-233 (2009)). Four Notch receptors have been identified in mammals, i.e., Notch 1-4, that share basic structural elements that include an extracellular domain, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular domain. Similarly, the canonical ligands of Notch share certain structural similarities but a number of non-canonical ligands of Notch have also been identified (Kopan et al., Cell 137, 216-233 (2009)). The five canonical ligands in mammals are Delta-like 1, Delta-like 3, Delta-like 4, Jagged1 and Jagged2. Binding of a Notch ligand to the extracellular domain of a Notch receptor sets a signaling cascade in motion that begins with proteolytic cleavage at the extracellular S2 site by an alpha secretase of the ADAM (a disintegrin and metalloprotease) family. Cleavage at S2 is followed by proteolytic cleavage by a gamma secretase at the intracellular S3 site, which results in release of the intracellular domain and downstream events that ultimately activate Notch-dependent transcription factors such as Hes1 and Hey.

Because aberrant Notch expression and signaling has been implicated in a number of diseases, including cancer (Koch et al., Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 64, 2746-2762 (2007)), modulators of Notch signaling have been investigated as possible therapeutic agents for such diseases. For example, gamma secretase inhibitors have been tested in clinical trials for their effectiveness in treating various malignancies (Shih et al, Cancer Res. 67, 1879-1882 (2007)). Gamma secretase inhibitors prevent cleavage at S3 and thereby prevent signaling through Notch receptors. However, gamma secretase inhibitors do not distinguish individual Notch family members and therefore inhibit signaling through multiple receptors at once, as well as through unrelated pathways (Beel et al., Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 65, 1311-1334 (2008)). Moreover, administration of gamma secretase inhibitors is associated with intestinal toxicity marked by weight loss and intestinal goblet cell metaplasia, indicative of a role for Notch in determining cell fate by maintaining proliferation of intestinal crypt progenitor cells and prohibiting differentiation to a secretory cell fate (see van Es et al., Nature 435:959-963 (2005)). Similarly, inhibition of both Notch1 and Notch2 signaling via conditional Notch gene knockout (Riccio et al., EMBO Rep. 9:377-383 (2008)) or via antagonist antibody inhibition (US Patent Application Publication No. 2010/0080808) also causes intestinal goblet cell metaplasia.

The mouse intestinal epithelium provides an important model for studying tissue regeneration. Continuous turnover of the epithelium is supported by intestinal stem cells (ISCs) located near the base of the crypts. Genetic lineage tracing studies have led to the identification of distinct ISC populations, including crypt base columnar cells (CBCs) that are marked by Lgr5 expression, a Wnt target gene (Barker, van Es et al. 2007). CBCs reside at the bottom of crypts, occupying cell positions +1 through +5 from the base, where they are intercalated between post-mitotic Paneth cells, which constitute the stem cell niche (Sato, van Es et al. 2011). CBCs contribute to all intestinal cell types, including the secretory and absorptive lineages, through a population of rapidly proliferating intermediates known as transit-amplifying (TA) cells (Barker, van Es et al. 2007). Continuous replacement and sloughing of old cells leads the intestinal epithelium to renew approximately every 5 days.

Development of the small intestine and adult intestinal homeostasis requires canonical Wnt signaling. Lef/Tcf4, the transcription factor that mediates canonical Wnt signaling, is essential for the formation of proliferative compartments in prospective crypt regions of neonatal mice (Korinek, Barker et al. 1998). Lef/Tcf4 is also required for adult intestinal homeostasis (van Es, Haegebarth et al. 2012), as is the Wnt effector β-catenin (Fevr, Robine et al. 2007). Conversely, administration of the Wnt signaling agonist R-spondin1 leads to expansion of the ISC compartment (Yan, Chia et al. 2012), which can mitigate loss of ISCs during chemoradiation (Zhou, Geng et al. 2013). In adult animals, the central role of Wnt signaling is highlighted by the Wnt-dependent expression of numerous ISC markers, including Lgr5. (de Lau, Barker et al. 2011). In addition to its role in maintaining ISCs, Wnt signaling confers competence for the secretory fate decision. Wnt signaling plays specific roles in Paneth cell differentiation (Andreu, Colnot et al. 2005; van Es, Jay et al. 2005; Andreu, Peignon et al. 2008; van Es, Haegebarth et al. 2012), whereas overexpression of the Wnt inhibitor DKK1 leads to loss of all secretory cells (Pinto, Gregorieff et al. 2003).

The Notch pathway affects intestinal homeostasis by regulating CBCs and by promoting the absorptive cell fate. Compromising Notch signaling in adult mice with the γ-secretase inhibitor DAPT, which blocks the conversion of the Notch receptor into its transcriptionally active state, causes a loss of proliferating Lgr5-positive CBCs and an overall increase in secretory cells (VanDussen, Carulli et al. 2012). Secretory cell hyperplasia in the gut also occurs with deletion of the Notch effector Rbp-j (van Es, van Gijn et al. 2005; VanDussen, Carulli et al. 2012). Conversely, the activation of constitutive Notch signaling in the small intestine of perinatal mice causes an expansion of the proliferative compartment as well as a decrease in the number of secretory cells (Fre, Huyghe et al. 2005; Stanger, Datar et al. 2005). Genetic evidence suggests that Notch signaling exerts its negative regulatory effect on secretory cell differentiation entirely through repression of Math1/Atoh1, a transcription factor required for the formation of secretory cells (Yang, Bermingham et al. 2001), as conditional deletion of Math1 rescues the Rbp-j loss of function phenotype (Kim and Shivdasani 2011). However, while Math1 is up-regulated in the absence of Notch (VanDussen, Carulli et al. 2012), the signal(s) required for positively maintaining normal levels of Math1 in the small intestine are unknown.

There is a need in the art for anti-Notch pathway therapeutic regimens that lack the toxicity associated with inhibition of Notch receptors.

SUMMARY

In some embodiments, methods of alleviating toxicity associated with Notch pathway inhibition are provided. In some embodiments, a method comprises administering to an individual being treated with a Notch pathway inhibitor an effective amount of at least one Wnt pathway inhibitor. In some embodiments, the Wnt pathway inhibitor is administered after the individual has been administered at least one dose of a Notch pathway inhibitor. In some embodiments, the Wnt pathway inhibitor is administered at the same time that the individual is administered a Notch pathway inhibitor. In some embodiments, the Wnt pathway inhibitor is administered before the individual is administered a Notch pathway inhibitor. In some embodiments, the toxicity comprises one or more of secretory metaplasia, liver toxicity, lung toxicity, heart toxicity, subcutaneous tumors, and thymic atrophy. In some embodiments, the toxicity comprises diarrhea or gastrointestinal bleeding or both. In some embodiments, administration of at least one Wnt pathway inhibitor alleviates the diarrhea or gastrointestinal bleeding or both. In some embodiments, the liver toxicity comprises one or more of sinusoidal dilation, centrilobular hepatocyte atrophy, bile ductula proliferation, and elevated alanine aminotransferase. In some embodiments, the heart toxicity and/or lung toxicity comprises necrotic lesions.

In some embodiments, methods of treating cancer are provided, comprising administering to an individual with cancer an effective amount of at least one Notch pathway inhibitor and an effective amount of at least one Wnt pathway inhibitor. In some embodiments, the method results in reduced toxicity compared to toxicity observed with the at least one Notch pathway inhibitor alone. In some embodiments, the cancer is selected from breast cancer, lung cancer, brain cancer, cervical cancer, colon cancer, liver cancer, bile duct cancer, pancreatic cancer, skin cancer, B-cell malignancies, and T-cell malignancies.

In some embodiments, the Notch pathway inhibitor is a gamma-secretase inhibitor. In some embodiments, the Notch pathway inhibitor inhibits at least one protein selected from Notch1, Notch2, Notch3, Notch4, DLL1, DLL4, Jagged1, and Jagged2.

In some embodiments, the Notch pathway inhibitor inhibits at last two proteins selected from Notch1, Notch2, Notch3, and Notch4. In some embodiments, the Notch pathway inhibitor inhibits Notch1 and Notch2. In some embodiments, the Notch pathway inhibitor inhibits Notch 2 and Notch 3. In some embodiments, the Notch pathway inhibitor is an anti-Notch antibody. In some embodiments, the anti-Notch antibody is an anti-Notch NRR antibody. In some embodiments, the anti-Notch antibody binds to the EGF-like repeat domain of Notch. In some embodiments, the anti-Notch antibody is selected from:

-   -   a) an antibody comprising HVR-H1, HVR-H2, HVR-H3, HVR-L1,         HVR-L2, and HVR-L3 shown in SEQ ID NOs: 35 to 40, respectively;     -   b) an antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region and a         light chain variable region shown in SEQ ID NOs: 33 and 34,         respectively;     -   c) an antibody comprising HVR-H1, HVR-H2, HVR-H3, HVR-L1,         HVR-L2, and HVR-L3 shown in SEQ ID NOs: 27 to 32, respectively;     -   d) an antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region and a         light chain variable region shown in SEQ ID NOs: 25 and 26,         respectively;     -   e) an antibody comprising HVR-H1, HVR-H2, HVR-H3, HVR-L1,         HVR-L2, and HVR-L3 shown in SEQ ID NOs: 43, 46, 48, 49, 50, and         53, respectively;     -   f) an antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region and a         light chain variable region shown in SEQ ID NOs: 41 and 42,         respectively;     -   g) an antibody comprising HVR-H1, HVR-H2, HVR-H3, HVR-L1,         HVR-L2, and HVR-L3 shown in SEQ ID NOs: 58 to 60, 64, 67, and         71, respectively;     -   h) an antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region and a         light chain variable region shown in SEQ ID NOs: 55 and 56,         respectively;     -   i) an antibody comprising HVR-H1, HVR-H2, HVR-H3, HVR-L1,         HVR-L2, and HVR-L3 shown in SEQ ID NOs: 74, 75, 77, and 79-81,         respectively; and     -   j) an antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region and a         light chain variable region shown in SEQ ID NOs: 72 and 73,         respectively     -   k) an antibody comprising HVR-H1, HVR-H2, HVR-H3, HVR-L1,         HVR-L2, and HVR-L3 shown in SEQ ID NOs: 243 to 248,         respectively; and     -   l) an antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region and a         light chain variable region shown in SEQ ID NOs: 241 and 242,         respectively.         In some embodiments, the antibody is a monoclonal antibody. In         some embodiments, the antibody is a human, humanized, or         chimeric antibody.

In some embodiments, the Notch pathway inhibitor inhibits at least one protein selected from Jagged1 and Jagged2. In some embodiments, the Notch pathway inhibitor inhibits Jagged1 and Jagged2. In some embodiments, the Notch pathway inhibitor is an anti-Jagged antibody. In some embodiments, the anti-Jagged antibody is selected from:

-   -   a) an antibody comprising HVR-H1, HVR-H2, HVR-H3, HVR-L1,         HVR-L2, and HVR-L3 shown in SEQ ID NOs: 108-113, respectively;     -   b) an antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region and a         light chain variable region shown in SEQ ID NOs: 106 and 107,         respectively;     -   c) an antibody comprising HVR-H1, HVR-H2, HVR-H3, HVR-L1,         HVR-L2, and HVR-L3 shown in SEQ ID NOs: 116-121, respectively;     -   d) an antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region and a         light chain variable region shown in SEQ ID NOs: 114 and 115,         respectively;     -   e) an antibody comprising HVR-H1, HVR-H2, HVR-H3, HVR-L1,         HVR-L2, and HVR-L3 shown in SEQ ID NOs: 124-129, respectively;     -   f) an antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region and a         light chain variable region shown in SEQ ID NOs: 122 and 123,         respectively;     -   g) an antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region and a         light chain variable region shown in SEQ ID NOs: 130 and 131,         respectively;     -   h) an antibody comprising HVR-H1, HVR-H2, HVR-H3, HVR-L1,         HVR-L2, and HVR-L3 shown in SEQ ID NOs: 134-139, respectively;     -   i) an antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region and a         light chain variable region shown in SEQ ID NOs: 132 and 133,         respectively;     -   j) an antibody comprising HVR-H1, HVR-H2, HVR-H3, HVR-L1,         HVR-L2, and HVR-L3 shown in SEQ ID NOs: 142-147, respectively;     -   k) an antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region and a         light chain variable region shown in SEQ ID NOs: 140 and 141,         respectively;     -   l) an antibody comprising HVR-H1, HVR-H2, HVR-H3, HVR-L1,         HVR-L2, and HVR-L3 shown in SEQ ID NOs: 150-155, respectively;     -   m) an antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region and a         light chain variable region shown in SEQ ID NOs: 148 and 149,         respectively;     -   n) an antibody comprising HVR-H1, HVR-H2, HVR-H3, HVR-L1,         HVR-L2, and HVR-L3 shown in SEQ ID NOs: 158-163, respectively;     -   o) an antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region and a         light chain variable region shown in SEQ ID NOs: 156 and 157,         respectively;     -   p) an antibody comprising HVR-H1, HVR-H2, HVR-H3, HVR-L1,         HVR-L2, and HVR-L3 shown in SEQ ID NOs: 166-171, respectively;     -   q) an antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region and a         light chain variable region shown in SEQ ID NOs: 164 and 165,         respectively;     -   r) an antibody comprising HVR-H1, HVR-H2, HVR-H3, HVR-L1,         HVR-L2, and HVR-L3 shown in SEQ ID NOs: 174-179, respectively;     -   s) an antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region and a         light chain variable region shown in SEQ ID NOs: 172 and 173,         respectively;     -   t) an antibody comprising an HVR-H1 of SEQ ID NO: 258, and         HVR-H2 selected from SEQ ID NOs: 259 and 260, and HVR-H3 of SEQ         ID NO: 261, and HVR-L1 of SEQ ID NO: 262, and HVR-L2 selected         from SEQ ID NOs: 263 to 266; and an HVR-L3 of SEQ ID NO: 267;     -   u) an antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region selected         from SEQ ID NOs: 273 to 277 and a light chain variable region         selected from SEQ ID NOs: 268 to 272;     -   v) an antibody comprising an HVR-H1 of SEQ ID NO: 278, and         HVR-H2 selected from SEQ ID NOs: 279 to 281, and HVR-H3 of SEQ         ID NO: 282, and HVR-L1 selected from SEQ ID NOs: 283 ad 284, and         HVR-L2 selected from SEQ ID NOs: 285 to 287; and an HVR-L3         selected from SEQ ID NOs: 288 and 289; and     -   w) an antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region selected         from SEQ ID NOs: 295 to 299 and a light chain variable region         selected from SEQ ID NOs: 290 to 294.         In some embodiments, the antibody is a monoclonal antibody. In         some embodiments, the antibody is a human, humanized, or         chimeric antibody.

In some embodiments, the Notch pathway inhibitor inhibits at least one protein selected from DLL1 and DLL4. In some embodiments, the Notch pathway inhibitor is an anti-DLL antibody. In some embodiments, the anti-DLL antibody is an anti-DLL4 antibody. In some embodiments, the anti-DLL antibody is an antibody selected from:

-   -   a) an antibody comprising HVR-H1, HVR-H2, HVR-H3, HVR-L1,         HVR-L2, and HVR-L3 shown in SEQ ID NOs: 182-187, respectively;     -   b) an antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region and a         light chain variable region shown in SEQ ID NOs: 180 and 181,         respectively;     -   c) an antibody comprising HVR-H1, HVR-H2, HVR-H3, HVR-L1,         HVR-L2, and HVR-L3 shown in SEQ ID NOs: 190-195, respectively;     -   d) an antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region and a         light chain variable region shown in SEQ ID NOs: 188 and 189,         respectively;     -   e) an antibody comprising HVR-H1, HVR-H2, HVR-H3, HVR-L1,         HVR-L2, and HVR-L3 shown in SEQ ID NOs: 251-256, respectively;         and     -   f) an antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region and a         light chain variable region shown in SEQ ID NOs: 249 and 250,         respectively.         In some embodiments, the antibody is a monoclonal antibody. In         some embodiments, the antibody is a human, humanized, or         chimeric antibody. In some embodiments, the anti-DLL antibody is         a bispecific antibody. In some embodiments, the anti-DLL         antibody binds to DLL4 and VEGF.

In some embodiments, the Wnt pathway inhibitor inhibits at least one protein selected from a Wnt, an LRP, and a Fzd. In some embodiments, the Wnt pathway inhibitor inhibits LRP5, LRP6, or both LRP5 and LRP6. In some embodiments, the Wnt pathway inhibitor is an anti-LRP antibody. In some embodiments, the anti-LRP antibody is selected from:

-   -   a) an antibody comprising HVR-H1, HVR-H2, HVR-H3, HVR-L1,         HVR-L2, and HVR-L3 shown in SEQ ID NOs: 198-203, respectively;     -   b) an antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region and a         light chain variable region shown in SEQ ID NOs: 196 and 197,         respectively;     -   c) an antibody comprising HVR-H1, HVR-H2, HVR-H3, HVR-L1,         HVR-L2, and HVR-L3 shown in SEQ ID NOs: 206-211, respectively;     -   d) an antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region and a         light chain variable region shown in SEQ ID NOs: 204 and 205,         respectively;     -   e) a bispecific antibody comprising a first half antibody         comprising HVR-H1, HVR-H2, HVR-H3, HVR-L1, HVR-L2, and HVR-L3         shown in SEQ ID NOs: 198-203, respectively, and a second half         antibody comprising HVR-H1, HVR-H2, HVR-H3, HVR-L1, HVR-L2, and         HVR-L3 shown in SEQ ID NOs: 206-211, respectively;     -   f) a bispecific antibody comprising a first half antibody         comprising a heavy chain variable region and a light chain         variable region shown in SEQ ID NOs: 196 and 197, respectively,         and a second half antibody comprising a heavy chain variable         region and a light chain variable region shown in SEQ ID NOs:         204 and 205, respectively;     -   g) an antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region and a         light chain variable region shown in SEQ ID NOs: 220 and 221,         respectively;     -   h) an antibody comprising HVR-H1, HVR-H2, HVR-H3, HVR-L1,         HVR-L2, and HVR-L3 shown in SEQ ID NOs: 214-219, respectively;         and     -   i) an antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region and a         light chain variable region shown in SEQ ID NOs: 212 and 213,         respectively.         In some embodiments, the antibody is a monoclonal antibody. In         some embodiments, the antibody is a human, humanized, or         chimeric antibody.

In some embodiments, the Wnt pathway inhibitor inhibits at least one Fzd. In some embodiments, the Wnt pathway inhibitor is an anti-Fzd antibody. In some embodiments, the anti-Fzd antibody is an antibody selected from:

-   -   a) an antibody comprising HVR-H1, HVR-H2, HVR-H3, HVR-L1,         HVR-L2, and HVR-L3 shown in SEQ ID NOs: 224-229, respectively;     -   b) an antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region and a         light chain variable region shown in SEQ ID NOs: 222 and 223,         respectively     -   c) an antibody comprising HVR-H1, HVR-H2, HVR-H3, HVR-L1,         HVR-L2, and HVR-L3 shown in SEQ ID NOs: 232-237, respectively;         and     -   d) an antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region and a         light chain variable region shown in SEQ ID NOs: 230 and 231,         respectively.         In some embodiments, the antibody is a monoclonal antibody. In         some embodiments, the antibody is a human, humanized, or         chimeric antibody.

In some embodiments, the Wnt pathway inhibitor inhibits at least one R-spondin (RSPO). In some embodiments, the Wnt pathway inhibitor is an anti-RSPO antibody. In some embodiments, the anti-RSPO antibody is selected from:

-   -   a) an antibody comprising HVR-H1, HVR-H2, HVR-H3, HVR-L1,         HVR-L2, and HVR-L3 shown in SEQ ID NOs: 300-305, respectively;     -   b) an antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region and a         light chain variable region shown in SEQ ID NOs: 306 and 307,         respectively;     -   c) an antibody comprising HVR-H1, HVR-H2, HVR-H3, HVR-L1,         HVR-L2, and HVR-L3 shown in SEQ ID NOs: 308-313, respectively;     -   d) an antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region and a         light chain variable region shown in SEQ ID NOs: 314 and 315,         respectively;     -   e) an antibody comprising HVR-H1, HVR-H2, HVR-H3, HVR-L1,         HVR-L2, and HVR-L3 shown in SEQ ID NOs: 316-321, respectively;         and     -   f) an antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region and a         light chain variable region shown in SEQ ID NOs: 322 and 323,         respectively.         In some embodiments, the antibody is a monoclonal antibody. In         some embodiments, the antibody is a human, humanized, or         chimeric antibody.

In some embodiments, the Wnt pathway inhibitor is a soluble Fzd. In some embodiments, the soluble Fzd comprises an Fzd extracellular domain and an Fc. In some embodiments, the soluble Fzd is a soluble Fzd8. In some embodiments, the soluble Fzd8 comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 240 or SEQ ID NO: 257. In some embodiments, the soluble Fzd consists the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 240 or SEQ ID NO: 257.

In some embodiments, the Wnt pathway inhibitor inhibits at least one Wnt. In some embodiments, the Wnt pathway inhibitor is an anti-Wnt antibody. In some embodiments, the antibody is a monoclonal antibody. In some embodiments, the antibody is a human, humanized, or chimeric antibody.

In some embodiments, the Wnt pathway inhibitor is a small molecule. In some embodiments, the Wnt pathway inhibitor is selected from LGK974 (2-(2′,3-dimethyl-[2,4′-bipyridin]-5-yl)-N-(5-(pyrazin-2-yl)pyridin-2-yl)acetamide), AVN316 (Avalon Pharmaceuticals), and PRI-724 (Prism Pharma Co.).

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

The patent or application file contains at least one drawing executed in color. Copies of this patent or patent application publication with color drawing(s) will be provided by the Office upon request and payment of the necessary fee.

FIG. 1. Distribution of Wnt and Notch signaling in crypts of the mouse small intestine. (a) Wnt signaling is active in crypt base columnar cells (CBCs). Lgr5^(GFP) (green) and Axin2^(LacZ) (red) expression are co-incident in CBCs (arrows). (b) Wnt signaling is present in proliferating CBCs and transit amplifying (TA) cells. Axin2^(LacZ) (red) expression overlaps with EdU incorporation (green) in cells at the base of the crypt (arrows) and in TA cells (asterisks) adjacent to CBCs. (c) Wnt signaling is present in secretory cell progenitors. Axin2^(LacZ) expression (red) overlaps with secretory cell progenitors marked by Math1^(GFP) (green, arrowheads). (d) Notch signaling is also present in CBCs as the active form of Notch1 (NICD, red) is localized to the nuclei of CBCs (green, arrows). (e) Notch signaling is present in proliferating CBCs and TA cells. NICD (red) overlaps with Ki67 staining (green) in CBCs (arrows) and TA cells. (f) Notch signaling (red) is absent from secretory progenitor cells (green).

FIG. 2. Loss of Notch signaling perturbs the function of Lgr5-positive stem cells. (a) Control crypts show a normal distribution of NICD staining in CBCs and TA cells. (b) Combined treatment with anti-Notch1 and anti-Notch2 blocking antibodies (αN1/N2) effectively down-regulates Notch signaling. NICD immunostaining is absent from crypts that were treated with αN1/N2 over 6 days. (c) Control crypts show a normal distribution of Lgr5^(GFP) expression in proliferating CBCs and a subset of TA cells (arrows). (d) Notch blockade causes an increase in Lgr5^(GFP) expression (green) and a decrease in proliferating cells (red) in the TA zone. (e) Lgr5-positive CBCs (green) are largely non-overlapping with lysozyme-positive Paneth cells (red). (f) Notch blockade causes secretory cell hyperplasia. Increased Lysozyme expressing cells (red) are present after 6 days αN1/N2 treatment. (g) Control crypts showing distribution of Wnt signaling (Axin2^(LacZ), red) and secretory cell progenitors (Math1^(GFP), green). (h) Wnt attenuation with anti-LRP6 (αLRP6) blocking antibody inhibits secretory cell differentiation. αLRP6 treatment down-regulates Axin2^(LacZ) (red) and Math1^(GFP) (green). (i) Control crypts showing Lgr5^(GFP) expression (green) and proliferating Ki67-positive cells (red). (j) Wnt attenuation with αLRP6 blocking antibody down-regulates Lgr5^(GFP) expression (absence of green staining) without affecting proliferating CBCs (red, arrows). (k) Lineage tracing experiments using Lgr5^(CreER/+);Rosa^(RFP/+) mice show widespread labeling of crypts and villi 7 days post induction with Tamoxifen (TAM). (1) Treatment with αN1/N2 before and after induction with TAM causes decreased lineage tracing from Lgr5-positive cells. (m) Lgr5-positive stem cells were first induced to undergo recombination with TAM and then treated with αN1/N2 on days 1 and 4. (n) αLRP6 treatment causes a loss of lineage tracing from Lgr5-positive cells if provided before induction with TAM. (o) αLRP6 treatment does not affect lineage tracing if provided after induction with TAM.

FIG. 3. Lgr5 expression is initially suppressed by Notch blockade and is re-established over time. (a) In situ hybridization showing Lgr5 mRNA distribution in control intestine. (b) Lgr5^(GFP) (green) expression in control intestine. (c) Lgr5 mRNA is absent 7 hours post Notch blockade. (d) Lgr5^(GFP) is absent 7 hours post Notch blockade. (e) Lgr5 mRNA is absent 24 hours post Notch blockade. (f) Lgr5^(GFP) is absent 24 hours post Notch blockade. (g) Lgr5 mRNA in crypts recovers 3 days post Notch blockade. (h) Lgr5^(GFP) in crypts recovers 3 days post Notch blockade.

FIG. 4. The Notch target gene and ISC marker Olfm4 is sensitive to Notch blockade but not Wnt signaling attenuation. (a) In situ hybridization showing Olfm4 mRNA distribution in control intestine. (b-d) Olfm4 gene expression is repressed by Notch blockade. (e) Olfm4 mRNA is unaffected by LRP6 blockade. (f) Olfm4 mRNA is repressed in crypts treated with combined Notch/LRP6 blockade.

FIG. 5. Notch blockade leads to Wnt signaling up-regulation. (A) Fold changes in gene expression relative to controls after antibody treatments. mRNA was purified from isolated crypts. Results are mean±SEM. (B) Control crypts showing Axin2^(LacZ) staining (red). (C) Combined Axin2^(LacZ) (red) and Math1^(GFP) (green) staining. (D) Control crypts showing expression of Lgr5^(GFP) (green) and proliferating cells (Ki67, red). (E) Control crypts showing antibody staining of the Wnt targets SOX9 (red) and EPHB3 (green) at the base of the crypt. (F) 7 hour timepoint during Notch blockade shows an increase in the Wnt reporter Axin2^(LacZ) (G) 7 hour timepoint shows a normal distribution of Math1^(GFP) relative to controls. (H) At 7 hour timepoint during Notch blockade, Lgr5^(GFP)-positive CBCs are still present but have stopped proliferating (arrows). (I) 7 hour timepoint during Notch blockade shows increasing intensity of SOX9-positive nuclei at the base of the crypt (red). (J) 24 hour timepoint during Notch blockade shows an increased in Axin2^(LacZ) staining. (K) 24 hour timepoint during Notch blockade shows an increased distribution of Math1^(GFP) staining (green). (L) At 24 hour timepoint during Notch blockade, Lgr5^(GFP) (green) and proliferating cells (red) are largely absent from the base of the crypt. (M) 24 hour timepoint during Notch blockade shows increased staining and distribution of the Wnt targets SOX9 and EPHB3. (N,O) 24 hour timepoint during LRP6 blockade shows absence of Axin2^(LacZ) (M, red) and loss of Math1^(GFP) expression (N) in treated crypts. Arrows in (N) point to residual Math1^(GFP) expression at base of crypt. (P) 24 hour timepoint during LRP6 blockade shows an absence of Lgr5^(GFP) (green) and a normal distribution of Ki67 staining in CBCs (arrows). (Q) 24 hour timepoint during LRP6 blockade shows near complete down-regulation of the Wnt targets SOX9 and EPHB3. (R) 7 hour timepoint during combined Notch/LRP6 blockade shows a reduced distribution of Axin2^(LacZ) relative to Notch blockade alone (E). (S) 7 hour timepoint during combined Notch/LRP6 blockade shows rescued of Math1^(GFP) expression pattern. (T) 7 hour timepoint during combined Notch/LRP6 blockade shows a loss of Lgr5^(GFP) expression and a rescued distribution of Ki67-positive cells at the base of the crypt. (U) 7 hour timepoint during combined Notch/LRP6 blockade shows the Wnt target genes Sox9 and EphB3 remain down-regulated. (V) 24 hour timepoint during combined Notch/LRP6 blockade shows that Axin2^(LacZ) expression is reduced relative to (I). (W) 24 hour timepoint during combined Notch/LRP6 blockade shows that Math1^(GFP) expression is reduced relative to (J). (X) 24 hour timepoint during combined Notch/LRP6 blockade shows a rescued distribution of Ki67-positive cells including CBCs (arrows). (Y) 24 hour timepoint during combined Notch/LRP6 blockade shows the Wnt target genes Sox9 and EphB3 remain down-regulated. (Z) Relative levels of Wnt target gene expression in Villin Cre;Math1^(fl/fl) mice treated with Notch blocking antibodies. (Z′) Levels of Wnt5a, Wnt9b, and Rspo4 increase in Villin Cre;Math1^(fl/fl) mice treated with Notch blocking antibodies.

FIG. 6. CBCs convert to secretory cells during Notch blockade. (A) RFP-positive cells derived from Lgr5 expressing cells during Notch blockade. (B) Overlap of RFP-positive cells and Lysozyme expressing secretory cells (green) merged panels) when αN1/N2 is injected before induction with Tamoxifen. (C) RFP-positive cells derived from Lgr5 expressing cells during Notch blockade. (D) Overlap of RFP-positive cells and Lysozyme expressing secretory cells (green) merged panels) when αN1/N2 is injected after induction with Tamoxifen.

FIG. 7. Co-treatment with Notch and Wnt blocking antibodies rescues secretory cell metaplasia and ISC activity. (A) Control ileum showing proliferating cells (Ki67, brown) and Alcian Blue stained Goblet cells. (B) Notch blockade causes goblet cell metaplasia. Increased presence of Alcian Blue stained goblet cells in the crypts is coincident with a loss of proliferating cells. (C) αLRP6 treatment leads to no significant changes in the distribution of Goblet cells or proliferating cells. (D) Combined αN1/N2 and αLRP6 treatment rescues the proliferation defects and Goblet cell metaplasia associated with Notch blockade alone. (E) Lineage tracing experiments using Lgr5^(CreER/+);Rosa^(RFP/+) mice with fully labeled crypts and villi 7 days post induction with Tamoxifen (TAM). Inset shows expression of Lgr5^(GFP) at crypt base. (F) Combined αN1/N2 and αLRP6 treatment rescues stem cell activity, as indicated by a recovery of lineage tracing events from Lgr5-positive stem cells. Inset shows representative fully labeled crypt with suppressed Lgr5^(GFP) expression. (G) Notch blockade causes goblet cell metaplasia. (H) Combined αN1/N2 and FZD8CRD treatment rescues the proliferation defects and Goblet cell metaplasia. (I) Survival curve for αN1/N2 animals (brown line) and αN1/N2+FZD8CRD animals (green line).

FIG. 8. Treatment with FZD8CRD represses Wnt signaling and secretory cell differentiation, and Dll4 expression correlates with increased secretory cell differentiation. (a) Control crypts showing normal distribution of Axin2^(LacZ). (b) Control crypts showing normal distribution of Math1^(GFP). (c) Notch blockade at the 24 hour timepoint shows an increase in Axin2^(LacZ). (d) Notch blockade at the 24 hour timepoint shows an increase in Math1^(GFP)(merged channels). (e) FZD8CRD treatment represses Axin2^(LacZ) and Math1 expression. (f) FZD8CRD treatment represses Math1^(GFP)(merged panels). (g) Co-treatment with αN1/N2 and FZD8CRD restores Axin2^(LacZ) (merged panels) to patterns approximating controls. (h) Co-treatment with αN1/N2 and FZD8CRD restores and Math1^(GFP) (merged panels) to patterns approximating controls. (i) Control crypts showing Dll4 (green) and Math1 (red) in secretory progenitor cells. (j) Control crypts showing Dll4 (green) and Axin2^(LacZ) (Wnt signaling, red) are co-expressed. (k) Notch blockade at the 7 hour timepoint shows an increase in Math1 that extends beyond the crypt/villus junction (red, asterisks). (1) Notch blockade at the 7 hour timepoint shows an increase in Axin2^(LacZ) (Wnt signaling, red) that is co-incident with Dll4 staining (green). (m) Notch/LRP6 blockade at the 7 hour timepoint shows increased staining distribution of Math1 (red) and Dll4 (green). (n) Notch/LRP6 blockade at the 7 hour timepoint shows elevated levels of Axin2^(LacZ) (red) co-incident with Dll4 (green). (o) Notch blockade at the 24 hour timepoint shows a substantial increase in Math1 (red) co-incident with Dll4. (p) Axin2^(LacZ) expression correlates with Dll4 and Math1 (shown in G). (q) Notch/LRP6 blockade rescues Math1 (red) and Dll4 expression (green) to normal levels by 24 hours (r) Notch/LRP6 blockade rescues Axin2^(LacZ) (red) and Dll4 (green) expression to normal levels by 24 hours.

FIG. 9. Wnt signaling up-regulation in Villin Cre;Math1^(fl/fl) mice. (A,B) Lysozyme staining in WT duodenum (A) and WT duodenum treated with Notch antibodies for 24 hours (B). (C) Defa1 levels in duodenum from treated (3 day Notch antibody-treated) and control Villin Cre;Math1^(fl/fl) mice relative to WT. (D-F) SOX9 staining in duodenum from WT, untreated Villin Cre;Math1^(fl/fl) mice, and Villin Cre;Math1^(fl/fl) mice treated with Notch antibodies for 3 days. (H-J) Ki67 staining in duodenum from WT, untreated Villin Cre;Math1^(fl/fl) mice, and Villin Cre;Math1^(fl/fl) mice treated with Notch antibodies for 3 days. (K) Wnt isoform levels in Notch 3 day treated Villin Cre;Math1^(fl/fl) mice relative to untreated. (L) Rspondin1-3 levels Notch 3 day treated Villin Cre;Math1^(fl/fl) mice relative to untreated. (M) Wnt5a, Wnt9b, and Rspo4 levels in Notch 3 day treated WT mice relative to WT untreated.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION I. Definitions

An “acceptor human framework” for the purposes herein is a framework comprising the amino acid sequence of a light chain variable domain (VL) framework or a heavy chain variable domain (VH) framework derived from a human immunoglobulin framework or a human consensus framework, as defined below. An acceptor human framework “derived from” a human immunoglobulin framework or a human consensus framework may comprise the same amino acid sequence thereof, or it may contain amino acid sequence changes. In some embodiments, the number of amino acid changes are 10 or less, 9 or less, 8 or less, 7 or less, 6 or less, 5 or less, 4 or less, 3 or less, or 2 or less. In some embodiments, the VL acceptor human framework is identical in sequence to the VL human immunoglobulin framework sequence or human consensus framework sequence.

“Affinity” refers to the strength of the sum total of noncovalent interactions between a single binding site of a molecule (e.g., an antibody) and its binding partner (e.g., an antigen). Unless indicated otherwise, as used herein, “binding affinity” refers to intrinsic binding affinity which reflects a 1:1 interaction between members of a binding pair (e.g., antibody and antigen). The affinity of a molecule X for its partner Y can generally be represented by the dissociation constant (Kd). Affinity can be measured by common methods known in the art, including those described herein. Specific illustrative and exemplary embodiments for measuring binding affinity are described in the following.

An “affinity matured” antibody refers to an antibody with one or more alterations in one or more hypervariable regions (HVRs), compared to a parent antibody which does not possess such alterations, such alterations resulting in an improvement in the affinity of the antibody for antigen.

The term “alleviates” or “alleviation” as used herein, refers to a reduction in a condition, such as an adverse event or toxicity associated with Notch pathway inhibition. A condition is considered to be alleviated if the incidence or severity of the condition is reduced by at least 10%. In some embodiments, the incidence or severity of the condition is reduced by at least 15%, or at least 20%, or at least 25%, or at least 30%, or at least 35%, or at least 40%, or at least 50%, or at least 60%, or at least 70%, or at least 80%, or at least 90%.

The term “anti-Delta-like (DLL) antibody” and “antibody that binds Delta-like (DLL)” refer to an antibody that is capable of binding DLL1, DLL4, or DLL1 and DLL4 (DLL1/4) with sufficient affinity such that the antibody is useful as a diagnostic and/or therapeutic agent in targeting DLL. In one embodiment, the extent of binding of an anti-DLL antibody to an unrelated, non-DLL protein is less than about 10% of the binding of the antibody to DLL as measured, e.g., by a radioimmunoassay (RIA). In certain embodiments, an antibody that binds to DLL has a dissociation constant (Kd) of ≦1 μM, ≦100 nM, ≦10 nM, ≦1 nM, ≦0.1 nM, ≦0.01 nM, or ≦0.001 nM (e.g. 10⁻⁸M or less, e.g. from 10⁻⁸M to 10⁻¹³M, e.g., from 10⁻⁹M to 10⁻¹³ M). In certain embodiments, an anti-DLL antibody binds to an epitope of Jagged that is conserved among DLL from different species. The terms “anti-DLL1 antibody” and “an antibody that binds to DLL1” refer to an antibody that is capable of binding DLL1 with sufficient affinity such that the antibody is useful as a diagnostic and/or therapeutic agent in targeting DLL1. The terms “anti-DLL4 antibody” and “an antibody that binds to DLL4” refer to an antibody that is capable of binding DLL4 with sufficient affinity such that the antibody is useful as a diagnostic and/or therapeutic agent in targeting DLL4. The terms “anti-DLL1/4 antibody” and “an antibody that binds to DLL1/4” refer to an antibody that is capable of binding DLL1 and DLL4 with sufficient affinity such that the antibody is useful as a diagnostic and/or therapeutic agent in targeting DLL1 and DLL4. In some embodiments, an anti-DLL antibody inhibits DLL activity. In some such embodiments, an anti-DLL antibody may be referred to as an antagonist anti-DLL antibody. Nonlimiting exemplary anti-DLL antibodies are described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. No. 7,803,377; U.S. Publication No. 2010/0196385; 2014/0093521; 2013/0323248; and 2013/0164295.

The terms “anti-Jagged antibody” and “an antibody that binds to Jagged” refer to an antibody that is capable of binding Jagged1, Jagged2, or Jagged1 and Jagged2 (“Jagged1/2”) with sufficient affinity such that the antibody is useful as a diagnostic and/or therapeutic agent in targeting Jagged. In one embodiment, the extent of binding of an anti-Jagged antibody to an unrelated, non-Jagged protein is less than about 10% of the binding of the antibody to Jagged as measured, e.g., by a radioimmunoassay (RIA). In certain embodiments, an antibody that binds to Jagged has a dissociation constant (Kd) of ≦1 μM, ≦100 nM, ≦10 nM, ≦1 nM, ≦0.1 nM, ≦0.01 nM, or ≦0.001 nM (e.g. 10⁻⁸M or less, e.g. from 10⁻⁸M to 10⁻¹³M, e.g., from 10⁻⁹ M to 10⁻¹³ M). In certain embodiments, an anti-Jagged antibody binds to an epitope of Jagged that is conserved among Jagged from different species. The terms “anti-Jagged1 antibody” and “an antibody that binds to Jagged1” refer to an antibody that is capable of binding Jagged1 with sufficient affinity such that the antibody is useful as a diagnostic and/or therapeutic agent in targeting Jagged1. The terms “anti-Jagged2 antibody” and “an antibody that binds to Jagged2” refer to an antibody that is capable of binding Jagged2 with sufficient affinity such that the antibody is useful as a diagnostic and/or therapeutic agent in targeting Jagged2. The terms “anti-Jagged1/2 antibody” and “an antibody that binds to Jagged1/2” refer to an antibody that is capable of binding Jagged1 and Jagged2 with sufficient affinity such that the antibody is useful as a diagnostic and/or therapeutic agent in targeting Jagged1 and Jagged2. In some embodiments, an anti-Jagged antibody inhibits Jagged activity. In some such embodiments, an anti-Jagged antibody may be referred to as an antagonist anti-Jagged antibody. Nonlimiting exemplary anti-Jagged antibodies are described, e.g., in U.S. Publication No. 20140010810 (anti-Jagged1/2 antibodies); 2012/0301489; 2008/0317760; and PCT Publication No. 2014/028446.

The term “anti-Notch antibody” or “an antibody that binds to Notch” refers to an antibody that is capable of binding one or more of Notch1, Notch2, Notch3, and Notch4 with sufficient affinity such that the antibody is useful as a diagnostic and/or therapeutic agent in targeting Notch. Preferably, the extent of binding of an anti-Notch antibody to an unrelated, non-Notch protein is less than about 10% of the binding of the antibody to Notch as measured, e.g., by a radioimmunoassay (RIA). In certain embodiments, an antibody that binds to Notch has a dissociation constant (Kd) of ≦1 μM, ≦100 nM, ≦10 nM, ≦1 nM, or ≦0.1 nM. In certain embodiments, an anti-Notch antibody binds to an epitope of Notch that is conserved among Notch from different species, e.g., rodents (mice, rats) and primates. The term “anti-Notch antibody” includes anti-Notch NRR antibodies and antibodies that bind to other regions of Notch, such as the EGF-like repeat domain. In some embodiments, an anti-Notch antibody inhibits Notch activity. In some such embodiments, an anti-Notch antibody may be referred to as an antagonist anti-Notch antibody. The term “anti-Notch antibody” includes anti-Notch1 antibodies, anti-Notch2 antibodies, anti-Notch3 antibody, and anti-Notch4 antibodies, including antibodies that bind to more than one Notch.

The term “anti-Notch1 antibody” or “an antibody that binds to Notch1” refers to an antibody that is capable of binding Notch1 with sufficient affinity such that the antibody is useful as a diagnostic and/or therapeutic agent in targeting Notch1. Preferably, the extent of binding of an anti-Notch1 antibody to an unrelated, non-Notch protein is less than about 10% of the binding of the antibody to Notch1 as measured, e.g., by a radioimmunoassay (RIA). In certain embodiments, an antibody that binds to Notch1 has a dissociation constant (Kd) of ≦1 μM, ≦100 nM, ≦10 nM, ≦1 nM, or ≦0.1 nM. In certain embodiments, an anti-Notch1 antibody binds to an epitope of Notch that is conserved among Notch from different species, e.g., rodents (mice, rats) and primates. The term “anti-Notch1 antibody” includes anti-Notch1 NRR antibodies and antibodies that bind to other regions of Notch1, such as the EGF-like repeat domain. In some embodiments, an anti-Notch1 antibody inhibits Notch activity. In some such embodiments, an anti-Notch1 antibody may be referred to as an antagonist anti-Notch1 antibody. In some embodiments, an anti-Notch1 antibody binds to Notch1 and at least one other Notch, such as Notch2 and/or Notch3. Nonlimiting exemplary antagonist anti-Notch1 antibodies are described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,404,237; 8,088,617; 8,435,513; 8,460,661; U.S. Publication Nos. 2013/0266594; 2012/0213786; 2011/0311552; 2009/0258026; 2012/0093813. Nonlimiting exemplary anti-Notch1 antibodies that bind the EGF-like repeat domain are described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,088,617; 8,460,661; 8,404,237.

The term “anti-Notch1 NRR antibody” or “an antibody that binds to Notch1 NRR” refers to an anti-Notch1 antibody that is capable of binding Notch1 NRR with sufficient affinity such that the antibody is useful as a diagnostic and/or therapeutic agent in targeting Notch1. Preferably, the extent of binding of an anti-Notch1 NRR antibody to an unrelated, non-Notch protein is less than about 10% of the binding of the antibody to Notch1 NRR as measured, e.g., by a radioimmunoassay (RIA). In certain embodiments, an antibody that binds to Notch1 NRR has a dissociation constant (Kd) of ≦1 μM, ≦100 nM, ≦10 nM, ≦1 nM, or ≦0.1 nM. In certain embodiments, an anti-Notch1 NRR antibody binds to an epitope of Notch that is conserved among Notch from different species, e.g., rodents (mice, rats) and primates. In some embodiments, an anti-Notch1 NRR antibody inhibits Notch activity. In some such embodiments, an anti-Notch1 NRR antibody may be referred to as an antagonist anti-Notch1 NRR antibody. Nonlimiting exemplary antagonist anti-Notch1 NRR antibodies are described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. No. 8,435,513; and U.S. Publication Nos. 2013/0266594; 2012/0213786; 2009/0258026; 2012/0093813.

The term “anti-Notch2 antibody” or “an antibody that binds to Notch2” refers to an antibody that is capable of binding Notch2 with sufficient affinity such that the antibody is useful as a diagnostic and/or therapeutic agent in targeting Notch2. Preferably, the extent of binding of an anti-Notch2 antibody to an unrelated, non-Notch protein is less than about 10% of the binding of the antibody to Notch2 as measured, e.g., by a radioimmunoassay (RIA). In certain embodiments, an antibody that binds to Notch2 has a dissociation constant (Kd) of ≦1 μM, ≦100 nM, ≦10 nM, ≦1 nM, or ≦0.1 nM. In certain embodiments, an anti-Notch2 antibody binds to an epitope of Notch that is conserved among Notch from different species, e.g., rodents (mice, rats) and primates. The term “anti-Notch2 antibody” includes anti-Notch2 NRR antibodies and antibodies that bind to other regions of Notch2, such as the EGF-like repeat domain. In some embodiments, an anti-Notch2 antibody inhibits Notch activity. In some such embodiments, an anti-Notch2 antibody may be referred to as an antagonist anti-Notch2 antibody. In some embodiments, an anti-Notch2 antibody binds to Notch2 and at least one other Notch, such as Notch1 and/or Notch3. Nonlimiting exemplary antagonist anti-Notch2 antibodies are described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,425,903 and 8,226,943 (anti-Notch 2/3 antibodies), 8,404,239; 8,206,713; 7,919,092; and U.S. Publication Nos. 2013/0323266 (anti-Notch 2/3 antibodies). Nonlimiting exemplary anti-Notch2 antibodies that bind the EGF-like repeat domain are described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,425,903 and 8,226,943 (anti-Notch 2/3 antibodies); U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,206,713; 7,919,092; 8,404,239; and U.S. Publication Nos. 2013/0323266 (anti-Notch 2/3 antibodies); 2010/0080808.

The term “anti-Notch2 NRR antibody” or “an antibody that binds to Notch2 NRR” refers to an antibody that is capable of binding Notch2 NRR with sufficient affinity such that the antibody is useful as a diagnostic and/or therapeutic agent in targeting Notch2. Preferably, the extent of binding of an anti-Notch2 NRR antibody to an unrelated, non-Notch protein is less than about 10% of the binding of the antibody to Notch2 NRR as measured, e.g., by a radioimmunoassay (RIA). In certain embodiments, an antibody that binds to Notch2 NRR has a dissociation constant (Kd) of ≦1 μM, ≦100 nM, ≦10 nM, ≦1 nM, or ≦0.1 nM. In certain embodiments, an anti-Notch2 NRR antibody binds to an epitope of Notch that is conserved among Notch from different species, e.g., rodents (mice, rats) and primates. In some embodiments, an anti-Notch2 NRR antibody inhibits Notch activity. In some such embodiments, an anti-Notch2 NRR antibody may be referred to as an antagonist anti-Notch2 NRR antibody. Nonlimiting exemplary antagonist anti-Notch2 NRR antibodies are described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. No. 8,404,239; and U.S. Publication No. 2010/0080808.

The term “anti-Notch3 antibody” or “an antibody that binds to Notch3” refers to an antibody that is capable of binding Notch3 with sufficient affinity such that the antibody is useful as a diagnostic and/or therapeutic agent in targeting Notch3. Preferably, the extent of binding of an anti-Notch3 antibody to an unrelated, non-Notch protein is less than about 10% of the binding of the antibody to Notch3 as measured, e.g., by a radioimmunoassay (RIA). In certain embodiments, an antibody that binds to Notch3 has a dissociation constant (Kd) of ≦1 μM, ≦100 nM, ≦10 nM, ≦1 nM, or ≦0.1 nM. In certain embodiments, an anti-Notch3 antibody binds to an epitope of Notch that is conserved among Notch from different species, e.g., rodents (mice, rats) and primates. The term “anti-Notch3 antibody” includes anti-Notch3 NRR antibodies and antibodies that bind to other regions of Notch3, such as the EGF-like repeat domain. In some embodiments, an anti-Notch3 antibody inhibits Notch activity. In some such embodiments, an anti-Notch3 antibody may be referred to as an antagonist anti-Notch3 antibody. In some embodiments, an anti-Notch3 antibody binds to Notch3 and at least one other Notch, such as Notch1 and/or Notch2. Nonlimiting exemplary antagonist anti-Notch3 antibodies are described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,994,285; 7,935,791; 8,513,388; 8,329,868; 8,148,106; 8,425,903 and 8,226,943 (anti-Notch 2/3 antibodies); U.S. Publication Nos. 2012/0328608; 2013/0323266 (anti-Notch 2/3 antibodies); 2013/0323257. Nonlimiting exemplary anti-Notch3 antibodies that bind the EGF-like repeat domain are described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,513,388; 8,425,903 and 8,226,943 (anti-Notch 2/3 antibodies); and U.S. Publication Nos. 2013/0323266 (anti-Notch 2/3 antibodies); 2013/0323257.

The term “anti-Notch3 NRR antibody” or “an antibody that binds to Notch3 NRR” refers to an antibody that is capable of binding Notch3 NRR with sufficient affinity such that the antibody is useful as a diagnostic and/or therapeutic agent in targeting Notch3. Preferably, the extent of binding of an anti-Notch3 NRR antibody to an unrelated, non-Notch protein is less than about 10% of the binding of the antibody to Notch3 NRR as measured, e.g., by a radioimmunoassay (RIA). In certain embodiments, an antibody that binds to Notch3 NRR has a dissociation constant (Kd) of ≦1 μM, ≦100 nM, ≦10 nM, ≦1 nM, or ≦0.1 nM. In certain embodiments, an anti-Notch3 NRR antibody binds to an epitope of Notch that is conserved among Notch from different species, e.g., rodents (mice, rats) and primates. In some embodiments, an anti-Notch3 NRR antibody inhibits Notch activity. In some such embodiments, an anti-Notch3 NRR antibody may be referred to as an antagonist anti-Notch3 NRR antibody. Nonlimiting exemplary antagonist anti-Notch3 NRR antibodies are described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. No. 7,935,791; U.S. Publication No. 2012/0328608.

The term “anti-Notch4 antibody” or “an antibody that binds to Notch4” refers to an antibody that is capable of binding Notch4 with sufficient affinity such that the antibody is useful as a diagnostic and/or therapeutic agent in targeting Notch4. Preferably, the extent of binding of an anti-Notch4 antibody to an unrelated, non-Notch protein is less than about 10% of the binding of the antibody to Notch4 as measured, e.g., by a radioimmunoassay (RIA). In certain embodiments, an antibody that binds to Notch4 has a dissociation constant (Kd) of ≦1 μM, ≦100 nM, ≦10 nM, ≦1 nM, or ≦0.1 nM. In certain embodiments, an anti-Notch4 antibody binds to an epitope of Notch that is conserved among Notch from different species, e.g., rodents (mice, rats) and primates. In some embodiments, an anti-Notch4 antibody inhibits Notch activity. In some such embodiments, an anti-Notch4 antibody may be referred to as an antagonist anti-Notch4 antibody. In some embodiments, an anti-Notch4 antibody binds to Notch4 and at least one other Notch.

The term “anti-LRP antibody” or “an antibody that binds to LRP” refers to an antibody that is capable of binding a low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) with sufficient affinity such that the antibody is useful as a diagnostic and/or therapeutic agent in targeting LRP. Preferably, the extent of binding of an anti-LRP antibody to an unrelated, non-LRP protein is less than about 10% of the binding of the antibody to LRP as measured, e.g., by a radioimmunoassay (RIA). In certain embodiments, an antibody that binds to LRP has a dissociation constant (Kd) of ≦1 μM, ≦100 nM, ≦10 nM, ≦1 nM, or ≦0.1 nM. In certain embodiments, an anti-LRP antibody binds to an epitope of LRP that is conserved among LRP from different species, e.g., rodents (mice, rats) and primates. In some embodiments, an anti-LRP antibody inhibits LRP activity. In some such embodiments, an anti-LRP antibody may be referred to as an antagonist anti-LRP antibody. The term “anti-LRP antibody” includes, but is not limited to, anti-LRP5 antibodies and anti-LRP6 antibodies, and antibodies that bind both LRP5 and LRP6 (anti-LRP5/6 antibodies). Nonlimiting exemplary antagonist anti-LRP antibodies are described, e.g., in U.S. Publication Nos. 2013/0183320; 2011/0256127; 2011/0243963; 2013/0064823; and 2012/0276089 (anti-LRP5/6 antibodies).

The term “anti-LRP5 antibody” or “an antibody that binds to LRP5” refers to an antibody that is capable of binding a low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) 5 with sufficient affinity such that the antibody is useful as a diagnostic and/or therapeutic agent in targeting LRP5. Preferably, the extent of binding of an anti-LRP5 antibody to an unrelated, non-LRP protein is less than about 10% of the binding of the antibody to LRP5 as measured, e.g., by a radioimmunoassay (RIA). In certain embodiments, an antibody that binds to LRP5 has a dissociation constant (Kd) of ≦1 μM, ≦100 nM, ≦10 nM, ≦1 nM, or ≦0.1 nM. In certain embodiments, an anti-LRP5 antibody binds to an epitope of LRP that is conserved among LRP5 from different species, e.g., rodents (mice, rats) and primates. In some embodiments, an anti-LRP5 antibody inhibits LRP5 activity. In some such embodiments, an anti-LRP5 antibody may be referred to as an antagonist anti-LRP5 antibody. Nonlimiting exemplary antagonist anti-LRP5 antibodies are described, e.g., in U.S. Publication No. 2013/0183320.

The term “anti-LRP6 antibody” or “an antibody that binds to LRP6” refers to an antibody that is capable of binding a low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) 6 with sufficient affinity such that the antibody is useful as a diagnostic and/or therapeutic agent in targeting LRP6. Preferably, the extent of binding of an anti-LRP6 antibody to an unrelated, non-LRP protein is less than about 10% of the binding of the antibody to LRP6 as measured, e.g., by a radioimmunoassay (RIA). In certain embodiments, an antibody that binds to LRP6 has a dissociation constant (Kd) of ≦1 μM, ≦100 nM, ≦10 nM, ≦1 nM, or ≦0.1 nM. In certain embodiments, an anti-LRP6 antibody binds to an epitope of LRP6 that is conserved among LRP6 from different species, e.g., rodents (mice, rats) and primates. In some embodiments, an anti-LRP6 antibody inhibits LRP6 activity. In some such embodiments, an anti-LRP6 antibody may be referred to as an antagonist anti-LRP6 antibody. In some embodiments, an anti-LRP6 antibody is a bispecific antibody. Nonlimiting exemplary antagonist anti-LRP6 antibodies are described, e.g., in U.S. Publication Nos. 2011/0256127; 2011/0243963.

The term “anti-Wnt antibody” or “an antibody that binds to Wnt” refers to an antibody that is capable of binding Wnt with sufficient affinity such that the antibody is useful as a diagnostic and/or therapeutic agent in targeting Wnt. Preferably, the extent of binding of an anti-Wnt antibody to an unrelated, non-Wnt protein is less than about 10% of the binding of the antibody to Wnt as measured, e.g., by a radioimmunoassay (RIA). In certain embodiments, an antibody that binds to Wnt has a dissociation constant (Kd) of ≦1 μM, ≦100 nM, ≦10 nM, ≦1 nM, or ≦0.1 nM. In certain embodiments, an anti-Wnt antibody binds to an epitope of Wnt that is conserved among Wnt from different species, e.g., rodents (mice, rats) and primates. In some embodiments, an anti-Wnt antibody inhibits Wnt activity. In some such embodiments, an anti-Wnt antibody may be referred to as an antagonist anti-Wnt antibody. In some embodiments, an anti-Wnt antibody binds to one or more Wnt proteins selected from Wnt1, Wnt2, Wnt2B, Wnt3, Wnt3A, Wnt4, Wnt5A, Wnt5B, Wnt6, Wnt7A, Wnt7B, Wnt8A, Wnt8B, Wnt9A, Wnt9B, Wnt10A, Wnt10B, Wnt11, and Wnt16. In some embodiments, an anti-Wnt antibody binds to one or more Wnt proteins selected from Wnt1, Wnt2, Wnt2B, Wnt3, Wnt3A, Wnt7A, Wnt7B, Wnt8A, Wnt8B, Wnt10A, and Wnt10B. In some embodiments, an anti-Wnt antibody binds to one or more Wnt proteins selected from Wnt3, Wnt3A, Wnt5A, Wnt5B, and Wnt9B. Nonlimiting exemplary anti-Wnt antibodies are described, e.g., in U.S. Publication No. 2013/0045209.

The term “anti-Frizzled antibody” or “an antibody that binds to Frizzled” or “anti-Fzd antibody” or “antibody that binds Fzd” refers to an antibody that is capable of binding Frizzled (or Fzd) with sufficient affinity such that the antibody is useful as a diagnostic and/or therapeutic agent in targeting Frizzled. Preferably, the extent of binding of an anti-Frizzled antibody to an unrelated, non-Frizzled protein is less than about 10% of the binding of the antibody to Frizzled as measured, e.g., by a radioimmunoassay (RIA). In certain embodiments, an antibody that binds to Frizzled has a dissociation constant (Kd) of ≦1 μM, ≦100 nM, ≦10 nM, ≦1 nM, or ≦0.1 nM. In certain embodiments, an anti-Frizzled antibody binds to an epitope of Frizzled that is conserved among Frizzled from different species, e.g., rodents (mice, rats) and primates. In some embodiments, an anti-Frizzled antibody inhibits Frizzled activity. In some such embodiments, an anti-Frizzled antibody may be referred to as an antagonist anti-Frizzled antibody. In some embodiments, an anti-Frizzled antibody binds to one or more Frizzled proteins selected from Fzd1, Fzd2, Fzd3, Fzd4, Fzd5, Fzd6, Fzd7, Fzd8, Fzd9, and Fzd10. In some embodiments, an anti-Frizzled antibody binds to Fzd7 and/or Fzd8. In some embodiments, an anti-Frizzled antibody binds to Fzd1, Fzd2, Fzd5, Fzd7, and/or Fzd8. Nonlimiting exemplary antagonist anti-Frizzled antibodies are described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,982,013; 8,507,442 (Fzd1, Fzd2, Fzd5, Fzd7, and Fzd8); and U.S. Publication No. 2013/0295106; 2012/0027778; 2013/0095104 (Fzd10).

The term “anti-RSPO antibody” or “an antibody that binds to RSPO” refers to an antibody that is capable of binding an R-spondin protein (RSPO) with sufficient affinity such that the antibody is useful as a diagnostic and/or therapeutic agent in targeting an RSPO. Preferably, the extent of binding of an anti-RSPO antibody to an unrelated, non-RSPO protein is less than about 10% of the binding of the antibody to RSPO as measured, e.g., by a radioimmunoassay (RIA). In certain embodiments, an antibody that binds to an RSPO has a dissociation constant (Kd) of ≦1 μM, ≦100 nM, ≦10 nM, ≦1 nM, or ≦0.1 nM. In certain embodiments, an anti-RSPO antibody binds to an epitope of RSPO that is conserved among RSPO from different species, e.g., rodents (mice, rats) and primates. In some embodiments, an anti-RSPO antibody inhibits RSPO activity. In some such embodiments, an anti-RSPO antibody may be referred to as an antagonist anti-RSPO antibody. In some embodiments, an anti-RSPO antibody binds at least one RSPO selected from RSPO1, RSPO2, and RSPO3. In some embodiments, an anti-RSPO antibody binds RSPO1. In some embodiments, an anti-RSPO antibody binds RSPO2 and RSPO3. In some embodiments, an anti-RSPO antibody is a bispecific antibody. Nonlimiting exemplary antagonist anti-RSPO antibodies are described, e.g., in U.S. Publication No. 2013/0209473; PCT Publication No. WO 2014/012007; U.S. Pat. No. 8,802,097.

The term “antibody” herein is used in the broadest sense and encompasses various antibody structures, including but not limited to monoclonal antibodies, polyclonal antibodies, multispecific antibodies (e.g., bispecific antibodies), and antibody fragments so long as they exhibit the desired antigen-binding activity.

A “blocking” antibody or an “antagonist” antibody is one which significantly inhibits (either partially or completely) a biological activity of the antigen it binds.

An “antibody fragment” refers to a molecule other than an intact antibody that comprises a portion of an intact antibody that binds the antigen to which the intact antibody binds. Examples of antibody fragments include but are not limited to Fv, Fab, Fab′, Fab′-SH, F(ab′)₂; diabodies; linear antibodies; single-chain antibody molecules (e.g. scFv); and multispecific antibodies formed from antibody fragments.

An “antibody that binds to the same epitope” as a reference antibody refers to an antibody that blocks binding of the reference antibody to its antigen in a competition assay by 50% or more, and conversely, the reference antibody blocks binding of the antibody to its antigen in a competition assay by 50% or more. An exemplary competition assay is provided herein.

The term “chimeric” antibody refers to an antibody in which a portion of the heavy and/or light chain is derived from a particular source or species, while the remainder of the heavy and/or light chain is derived from a different source or species.

The “class” of an antibody refers to the type of constant domain or constant region possessed by its heavy chain. There are five major classes of antibodies: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM, and several of these may be further divided into subclasses (isotypes), e.g., IgG₁, IgG₂, IgG₃, IgG₄, IgA₁, and IgA₂. The heavy chain constant domains that correspond to the different classes of immunoglobulins are called α, δ, ε, γ, and μ, respectively.

The term “cytotoxic agent” as used herein refers to a substance that inhibits or prevents a cellular function and/or causes cell death or destruction. Cytotoxic agents include, but are not limited to, radioactive isotopes (e.g., At²¹¹, I¹³¹, I¹²⁵, Y⁹⁰, Re¹⁸⁶, Re¹⁸⁸, Sm¹⁵³, Bi²¹², P³², Pb²¹² and radioactive isotopes of Lu); chemotherapeutic agents or drugs (e.g., methotrexate, adriamicin, vinca alkaloids (vincristine, vinblastine, etoposide), doxorubicin, melphalan, mitomycin C, chlorambucil, daunorubicin or other intercalating agents); growth inhibitory agents; enzymes and fragments thereof such as nucleolytic enzymes; antibiotics; toxins such as small molecule toxins or enzymatically active toxins of bacterial, fungal, plant or animal origin, including fragments and/or variants thereof; and the various antitumor or anticancer agents disclosed below.

The term “Delta-like” or “DLL” as used herein, refers to any native DLL from any vertebrate source, including mammals such as primates (e.g. humans) and rodents (e.g., mice and rats), unless otherwise indicated. The term encompasses “full-length,” unprocessed DLL as well as any form of DLL that results from processing in the cell. The term also encompasses naturally occurring variants of DLL, e.g., splice variants or allelic variants. A nonlimiting exemplary human DLL1 is shown in SEQ ID NO: 17 (precursor; exemplary mature form is amino acids 18-723 of SEQ ID NO: 17). A nonlimiting exemplary human DLL4 is shown in SEQ ID NO: 18 (precursor; exemplary mature form is amino acids 27-685 of SEQ ID NO: 18).

“Effector functions” refer to those biological activities attributable to the Fc region of an antibody, which vary with the antibody isotype. Examples of antibody effector functions include: C1q binding and complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC); Fc receptor binding; antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC); phagocytosis; down regulation of cell surface receptors (e.g. B cell receptor); and B cell activation.

An “effective amount” of an agent, e.g., a pharmaceutical formulation, refers to an amount effective, at dosages and for periods of time necessary, to achieve the desired therapeutic or prophylactic result.

The term “Fc region” herein is used to define a C-terminal region of an immunoglobulin heavy chain that contains at least a portion of the constant region. The term includes native sequence Fc regions and variant Fc regions. In one embodiment, a human IgG heavy chain Fc region extends from Cys226, or from Pro230, to the carboxyl-terminus of the heavy chain. However, the C-terminal lysine (Lys447) of the Fc region may or may not be present. Unless otherwise specified herein, numbering of amino acid residues in the Fc region or constant region is according to the EU numbering system, also called the EU index, as described in Kabat et al., Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, 5th Ed. Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md., 1991.

“Framework” or “FR” refers to variable domain residues other than hypervariable region (HVR) residues. The FR of a variable domain generally consists of four FR domains: FR1, FR2, FR3, and FR4. Accordingly, the HVR and FR sequences generally appear in the following sequence in VH (or VL): FR1-H1(L1)-FR2-H2(L2)-FR3-H3(L3)-FR4.

The term “Frizzled” or “Fzd” as used herein, refers to any native Fzd from any vertebrate source, including mammals such as primates (e.g. humans) and rodents (e.g., mice and rats), unless otherwise indicated. The term encompasses “full-length,” unprocessed Fzd as well as any form of Fzd that results from processing in the cell. The term also encompasses naturally occurring variants of Fzd, e.g., splice variants or allelic variants. A nonlimiting exemplary human Fzd7 is shown in SEQ ID NO: 19 (precursor; exemplary mature form is amino acids 33-574 of SEQ ID NO: 19). A nonlimiting exemplary human Fzd8 is shown in SEQ ID NO: 20 (precursor; exemplary mature form is amino acids 28-694 of SEQ ID NO: 20).

The term “soluble Frizzled,” “Frizzled ECD,” “Frizzled trap,” and “Frizzled decoy” are used interchangeably herein to refer to a fragment of a Fzd protein that lacks a transmembrane domain and an intracellular domain, and which retains the ability to bind Wnt. In some embodiments, a soluble Fzd is capable of binding one or more, two or more, three or more, or four or more human Wnt proteins selected from Wnt1, Wnt2, Wnt2b, Wnt3, Wnt3a, Wnt7a, Wnt7b, Wnt8a, Wnt8b, Wnt10a, and Wnt10b. In some embodiments, a soluble Fzd is capable of binding Wnt1, Wnt2, Wnt3, Wnt3a, and Wnt7b. A soluble Fzd may be fused to a heterologous moiety, such as an Fc. In some embodiments, a soluble Fzd7 comprises amino acids 33 to 257 of SEQ ID NO: 19, or a fragment thereof that is capable of binding Wnt. In some embodiments, a soluble Fzd7 comprises amino acids 45 to 167 of SEQ ID NO: 19. In some embodiments, a soluble Fzd8 comprises amino acids 28 to 275 of SEQ ID NO: 20, or a fragment thereof that is capable of binding Wnt. In some embodiments, a soluble Fzd8 comprises amino acids 31 to 155 of SEQ ID NO: 20. Nonlimiting exemplary soluble Fzds include 54F28 Fzd8-Fc and FZD8CRD. See U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,723,477; 7,947,277; Publication No. 2013/0034551; 2010/0317098.

The terms “full length antibody,” “intact antibody,” and “whole antibody” are used herein interchangeably to refer to an antibody having a structure substantially similar to a native antibody structure or having heavy chains that contain an Fc region as defined herein.

The terms “gamma-secretase inhibitor” or “γ-secretase inhibitor” are used interchangeably to refer to inhibitors of gamma secretase, a protease complex involved in processing of certain type I integral membrane proteins, such as Notch. Nonlimiting exemplary gamma-secretase inhibitors include tarenflurbil (Flurizan), semagacestat (LY450139), avagacestat, MK-0752 (3-((1r,4s)-4-(4-chlorophenylsulfonyl)-4-(2,5-difluorophenyl)cyclohexyl)propanoic acid), N—[N-(3,5-Difluorophenacetyl)-L-alanyl]-S-phenylglycine t-butyl ester (DAPT), (2S)-2-{[(3,5-Difluorophenyl)acetyl]amino}-N-[(3S)-1-methyl-2-oxo-5-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-1,4-benzodiazepin-3-yl]propanamide (compound E), and N-[(1S)-2-[[(7S)-6,7-Dihydro-5-methyl-6-oxo-5H-dibenz[b,d]azepin-7-yl]amino]-1-methyl-2-oxoethyl]-3,5-difluorobenzeneacetamide (DBZ). Nonlimiting exemplary gamma-secretase inhibitors include those described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,756,511; 6,890,956; 6,984,626; 7,049,296; 7,101,895; 7,138,400; 7,144,910; 7,183,303; 8,377,886.

The terms “host cell,” “host cell line,” and “host cell culture” are used interchangeably and refer to cells into which exogenous nucleic acid has been introduced, including the progeny of such cells. Host cells include “transformants” and “transformed cells,” which include the primary transformed cell and progeny derived therefrom without regard to the number of passages. Progeny may not be completely identical in nucleic acid content to a parent cell, but may contain mutations. Mutant progeny that have the same function or biological activity as screened or selected for in the originally transformed cell are included herein.

A “human antibody” is one which possesses an amino acid sequence which corresponds to that of an antibody produced by a human or a human cell or derived from a non-human source that utilizes human antibody repertoires or other human antibody-encoding sequences. This definition of a human antibody specifically excludes a humanized antibody comprising non-human antigen-binding residues.

A “human consensus framework” is a framework which represents the most commonly occurring amino acid residues in a selection of human immunoglobulin VL or VH framework sequences. Generally, the selection of human immunoglobulin VL or VH sequences is from a subgroup of variable domain sequences. Generally, the subgroup of sequences is a subgroup as in Kabat et al., Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, Fifth Edition, NIH Publication 91-3242, Bethesda Md. (1991), vols. 1-3. In one embodiment, for the VL, the subgroup is subgroup kappa I as in Kabat et al., supra. In one embodiment, for the VH, the subgroup is subgroup III as in Kabat et al., supra.

A “humanized” antibody refers to a chimeric antibody comprising amino acid residues from non-human HVRs and amino acid residues from human FRs. In certain embodiments, a humanized antibody will comprise substantially all of at least one, and typically two, variable domains, in which all or substantially all of the HVRs (e.g., CDRs) correspond to those of a non-human antibody, and all or substantially all of the FRs correspond to those of a human antibody. A humanized antibody optionally may comprise at least a portion of an antibody constant region derived from a human antibody. A “humanized form” of an antibody, e.g., a non-human antibody, refers to an antibody that has undergone humanization.

The term “hypervariable region” or “HVR” as used herein refers to each of the regions of an antibody variable domain which are hypervariable in sequence (“complementarity determining regions” or “CDRs”) and/or form structurally defined loops (“hypervariable loops”) and/or contain the antigen-contacting residues (“antigen contacts”). Generally, antibodies comprise six HVRs: three in the VH (H1, H2, H3), and three in the VL (L1, L2, Exemplary HVRs herein include:

(a) hypervariable loops occurring at amino acid residues 26-32 (L1), 50-52 (L2), 91-96 (L3), 26-32 (H1), 53-55 (H2), and 96-101 (H3) (Chothia and Lesk, J. Mol. Biol. 196:901-917 (1987));

(b) CDRs occurring at amino acid residues 24-34 (L1), 50-56 (L2), 89-97 (L3), 31-35b (H1), 50-65 (H2), and 95-102 (H3) (Kabat et al., Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, 5th Ed. Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md. (1991));

(c) antigen contacts occurring at amino acid residues 27c-36 (L1), 46-55 (L2), 89-96 (L3), 30-35b (H1), 47-58 (H2), and 93-101 (H3) (MacCallum et al. J. Mol. Biol. 262: 732-745 (1996)); and

(d) combinations of (a), (b), and/or (c), including HVR amino acid residues 46-56 (L2), 47-56 (L2), 48-56 (L2), 49-56 (L2), 26-35 (H1), 26-35b (H1), 49-65 (H2), 93-102 (H3), and 94-102 (H3).

Unless otherwise indicated, HVR residues and other residues in the variable domain (e.g., FR residues) are numbered herein according to Kabat et al., supra.

An “immunoconjugate” is an antibody conjugated to one or more heterologous molecule(s), including but not limited to a cytotoxic agent.

An “individual” or “subject” is a mammal. Mammals include, but are not limited to, domesticated animals (e.g., cows, sheep, cats, dogs, and horses), primates (e.g., humans and non-human primates such as monkeys), rabbits, and rodents (e.g., mice and rats). In certain embodiments, the individual or subject is a human.

An “isolated” antibody is one which has been separated from a component of its natural environment. In some embodiments, an antibody is purified to greater than 95% or 99% purity as determined by, for example, electrophoretic (e.g., SDS-PAGE, isoelectric focusing (IEF), capillary electrophoresis) or chromatographic (e.g., ion exchange or reverse phase HPLC). For review of methods for assessment of antibody purity, see, e.g., Flatman et al., J. Chromatogr. B 848:79-87 (2007).

An “isolated” nucleic acid refers to a nucleic acid molecule that has been separated from a component of its natural environment. An isolated nucleic acid includes a nucleic acid molecule contained in cells that ordinarily contain the nucleic acid molecule, but the nucleic acid molecule is present extrachromosomally or at a chromosomal location that is different from its natural chromosomal location.

“Isolated nucleic acid encoding an anti-[target] antibody” refers to one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding antibody heavy and light chains (or fragments thereof), including such nucleic acid molecule(s) in a single vector or separate vectors, and such nucleic acid molecule(s) present at one or more locations in a host cell.

The term “Jagged” or “Jag,” as used herein, refers to any native Jagged from any vertebrate source, including mammals such as primates (e.g. humans) and rodents (e.g., mice and rats), unless otherwise indicated. The term encompasses “full-length,” unprocessed Jagged as well as any form of Jagged that results from processing in the cell. The term also encompasses naturally occurring variants of Jagged, e.g., splice variants or allelic variants. The amino acid sequence of exemplary human and murine Jagged1 and Jagged2 are shown in SEQ ID NOS: 1-4. A nonlimiting exemplary human Jagged1 is shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 (precursor; exemplary mature form is amino acids 34-1218 of SEQ ID NO: 1). A nonlimiting exemplary human Jagged2 is shown in SEQ ID NO: 3 (precursor; exemplary mature form is amino acids 24-1238 of SEQ ID NO: 3).

The term “low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein” or “LRP,” as used herein, refers to any native LRP from any vertebrate source, including mammals such as primates (e.g. humans) and rodents (e.g., mice and rats), unless otherwise indicated. The term encompasses “full-length,” unprocessed LRP as well as any form of LRP that results from processing in the cell. The term also encompasses naturally occurring variants of LRP, e.g., splice variants or allelic variants. A nonlimiting exemplary human LRP5 is shown in SEQ ID NO: 21 (precursor; exemplary mature form is amino acids 32-1615 of SEQ ID NO: 21). A nonlimiting exemplary human LRP6 is shown in SEQ ID NO: 22 (precursor; exemplary mature form is amino acids 20-1613 of SEQ ID NO: 22).

The term “monoclonal antibody” as used herein refers to an antibody obtained from a population of substantially homogeneous antibodies, i.e., the individual antibodies comprising the population are identical and/or bind the same epitope, except for possible variant antibodies, e.g., containing naturally occurring mutations or arising during production of a monoclonal antibody preparation, such variants generally being present in minor amounts. In contrast to polyclonal antibody preparations, which typically include different antibodies directed against different determinants (epitopes), each monoclonal antibody of a monoclonal antibody preparation is directed against a single determinant on an antigen. Thus, the modifier “monoclonal” indicates the character of the antibody as being obtained from a substantially homogeneous population of antibodies, and is not to be construed as requiring production of the antibody by any particular method. For example, the monoclonal antibodies to be used in accordance with the present invention may be made by a variety of techniques, including but not limited to the hybridoma method, recombinant DNA methods, phage-display methods, and methods utilizing transgenic animals containing all or part of the human immunoglobulin loci, such methods and other exemplary methods for making monoclonal antibodies being described herein.

A “naked antibody” refers to an antibody that is not conjugated to a heterologous moiety (e.g., a cytotoxic moiety) or radiolabel. The naked antibody may be present in a pharmaceutical formulation.

“Native antibodies” refer to naturally occurring immunoglobulin molecules with varying structures. For example, native IgG antibodies are heterotetrameric glycoproteins of about 150,000 daltons, composed of two identical light chains and two identical heavy chains that are disulfide-bonded. From N- to C-terminus, each heavy chain has a variable region (VH), also called a variable heavy domain or a heavy chain variable domain, followed by three constant domains (CH1, CH2, and CH3). Similarly, from N- to C-terminus, each light chain has a variable region (VL), also called a variable light domain or a light chain variable domain, followed by a constant light (CL) domain. The light chain of an antibody may be assigned to one of two types, called kappa (κ) and lambda (λ), based on the amino acid sequence of its constant domain.

The term “Notch,” as used herein, refers to any native Notch (Notch1-4) from any vertebrate source, including mammals such as primates (e.g. humans) and rodents (e.g., mice and rats), unless otherwise indicated. The term encompasses “full-length,” unprocessed Notch as well as any form of Notch that results from processing in the cell. The term also encompasses naturally occurring variants of Notch, e.g., splice variants or allelic variants. The term Notch encompasses Notch1, Notch2, Notch3, and Notch4.

The term “Notch1,” as used herein, refers to any native Notch1 from any vertebrate source, including mammals such as primates (e.g. humans) and rodents (e.g., mice and rats), unless otherwise indicated. The term encompasses “full-length,” unprocessed Notch1 as well as any form of Notch1 that results from processing in the cell. The term also encompasses naturally occurring variants of Notch1, e.g., splice variants or allelic variants. A nonlimiting exemplary human Notch1 amino acid sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO: 9 (precursor; exemplary mature form is amino acids 19-2555 of SEQ ID NO: 9).

The term “Notch2,” as used herein, refers to any native Notch2 from any vertebrate source, including mammals such as primates (e.g. humans) and rodents (e.g., mice and rats), unless otherwise indicated. The term encompasses “full-length,” unprocessed Notch2 as well as any form of Notch2 that results from processing in the cell. The term also encompasses naturally occurring variants of Notch2, e.g., splice variants or allelic variants. A nonlimiting exemplary human Notch2 amino acid sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO: 10 (precursor; exemplary mature form is amino acids 26-2471 of SEQ ID NO: 10).

The term “Notch3,” as used herein, refers to any native Notch3 from any vertebrate source, including mammals such as primates (e.g. humans) and rodents (e.g., mice and rats), unless otherwise indicated. The term encompasses “full-length,” unprocessed Notch1 as well as any form of Notch3 that results from processing in the cell. The term also encompasses naturally occurring variants of Notch3, e.g., splice variants or allelic variants. A nonlimiting exemplary human Notch3 amino acid sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO: 11 (precursor; exemplary mature form is amino acids 40-2321 of SEQ ID NO: 11).

The term “Notch4,” as used herein, refers to any native Notch4 from any vertebrate source, including mammals such as primates (e.g. humans) and rodents (e.g., mice and rats), unless otherwise indicated. The term encompasses “full-length,” unprocessed Notch1 as well as any form of Notch4 that results from processing in the cell. The term also encompasses naturally occurring variants of Notch4, e.g., splice variants or allelic variants. A nonlimiting exemplary human Notch4 amino acid sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO: 12 (precursor; exemplary mature form is amino acids 24-2003 of SEQ ID NO: 12).

The term “Notch1 activity” refers to Notch1 signaling. An agent (e.g., an antibody) that “inhibits Notch1 activity” significantly decreases Notch1 signaling relative to the level of Notch1 signaling observed in an appropriate control under substantially identical conditions. In certain embodiments, Notch1 activity may be assessed by a suitable reporter assay, as described, e.g., in U.S. Publication No. 2009/0258026. In certain embodiments, Notch1 activity may be assessed by measuring vascular network density in a corneal pocket assay or mouse retinal model of angiogenesis, as described, e.g., in U.S. Publication No. 2009/0258026. In certain embodiments, the decrease in Notch1 signaling is at least 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, or 10-fold below the level observed in the control.

The term “Notch1 NRR” refers to a region of Notch1 consisting of the three LNR modules (LNR-A, LNR-B, and LNR-C) and the HD domain (HD-N and HD-C). Exemplary human and mouse Notch1 NRR sequences are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 13 and 14, respectively. A further exemplary human Notch1 NRR has the sequence of amino acids 1307-1732 of SEQ ID NO: 9. The Notch1 NRR may consist of non-covalently linked fragments, e.g., that result from the processing of Notch1 at S1, as well as a single contiguous polypeptide sequence. By way of example, human Notch1 NRR may consist of amino acids 1307-1732 of human Notch1 (SEQ ID NO: 9).

The term “Notch2 activity” refers to Notch2 signaling. An agent (e.g., an antibody) that “inhibits Notch2 activity” significantly decreases Notch2 signaling relative to the level of Notch2 signaling observed in an appropriate control under substantially identical conditions. In certain embodiments, Notch2 activity may be assessed by a suitable reporter assay, as described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. No. 8,404,239. In certain embodiments, Notch2 activity may be assessed by measuring generation of marginal B zone cells, as described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. No. 8,404,239. In certain embodiments, the decrease in Notch2 signaling is at least 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, or 10-fold below the level observed in the control.

The term “Notch2 NRR” refers to a region of Notch2 consisting of the three LNR modules (LNR-A, LNR-B, and LNR-C) and the HD domain (HD-N and HD-C). Exemplary human and mouse Notch2 NRR sequences are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 15 and 16, respectively. The Notch2 NRR may consist of non-covalently linked fragments, e.g., that result from the processing of Notch2 at S1, as well as a single contiguous polypeptide sequence. By way of example, human Notch2 NRR may consist of amino acids 1422-1677 of human Notch2 (SEQ ID NO: 10), or alternatively, amino acids 1422-1608 of SEQ ID NO: 10 noncovalently linked to amino acids 1609-1677 of SEQ ID NO: 10.

The term “Notch3 activity” refers to Notch3 signaling. An agent (e.g., an antibody) that “inhibits Notch3 activity” significantly decreases Notch3 signaling relative to the level of Notch3 signaling observed in an appropriate control under substantially identical conditions. In certain embodiments, Notch3 activity may be assessed by a suitable reporter assay, as described, e.g., in U.S. Publication No. 2013/0144040. In certain embodiments, Notch3 activity may be assessed using an apoptosis assay, cell migration assay, invasion assay, and/or morphology assay, as described, e.g., in U.S. Publication No. 2013/0144040. In certain embodiments, the decrease in Notch3 signaling is at least 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, or 10-fold below the level observed in the control.

The term “Notch3 NRR” refers to a region of Notch3 consisting of the three LNR modules (LNR-A, LNR-B, and LNR-C) and the HD domain (HD-N and HD-C). Exemplary human and mouse Notch3 NRR sequences are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 15 and 16, respectively. The Notch3 NRR may consist of non-covalently linked fragments, e.g., that result from the processing of Notch3 at S1, as well as a single contiguous polypeptide sequence. By way of example, human Notch3 NRR may consist of amino acids 1378-1640 of human Notch3 (SEQ ID NO: 11).

The term “Notch4 activity” refers to Notch4 signaling. An agent (e.g., an antibody) that “inhibits Notch4 activity” significantly decreases Notch4 signaling relative to the level of Notch4 signaling observed in an appropriate control under substantially identical conditions. In certain embodiments, the decrease in Notch4 signaling is at least 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, or 10-fold below the level observed in the control.

As used herein, the term “Notch-mediated disorder” means a condition or disease which is characterized by the overexpression and/or hypersensitivity of one or more Notch receptors. Specifically it includes conditions associated with cancers such as non-small cell lung cancer, ovarian cancer, and T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Other cancers including pancreatic, prostate cancer, plasma cell neoplasms (e.g., multiple myeloma, plasma cell leukemia and extramedullary plasmacytoma), neuroblastoma and extramedullary plasmacytoma are also encompassed by this term. Other types of Notch-mediated disorders include lymphoma, Alagille syndrome, liver disease involving aberrant vascularization, neurologic diseases, diabetes, diseases involving vascular cell fate, and rheumatoid arthritis.

The term “Notch pathway inhibitor” or “inhibitor of Notch pathway” as used herein refers to an agent that inhibits Notch activity. A Notch pathway inhibitor may be an antibody, a soluble receptor, a small molecule, or the like. Nonlimiting exemplary Notch pathway inhibitors include anti-Notch antibodies (including, but not limited to, anti-Notch1 antibodies, anti-Notch2 antibodies, anti-Notch3 antibodies, and anti-Notch4 antibodies, and antibodies that bind to more than one Notch), anti-Jagged antibodies (including, but not limited to, anti-Jagged1 antibodies, anti-Jagged2 antibodies, and antibodies that bind to more than one Jagged); gamma secretase inhibitors; and anti-DLL antibodies (including, but not limited to, anti-DLL1 antibodies and anti-DLL4 antibodies, and antibodies that bind to more than one DLL).

The term “package insert” is used to refer to instructions customarily included in commercial packages of therapeutic products, that contain information about the indications, usage, dosage, administration, combination therapy, contraindications and/or warnings concerning the use of such therapeutic products.

“Percent (%) amino acid sequence identity” with respect to a reference polypeptide sequence is defined as the percentage of amino acid residues in a candidate sequence that are identical with the amino acid residues in the reference polypeptide sequence, after aligning the sequences and introducing gaps, if necessary, to achieve the maximum percent sequence identity, and not considering any conservative substitutions as part of the sequence identity. Alignment for purposes of determining percent amino acid sequence identity can be achieved in various ways that are within the skill in the art, for instance, using publicly available computer software such as BLAST, BLAST-2, ALIGN or Megalign (DNASTAR) software. Those skilled in the art can determine appropriate parameters for aligning sequences, including any algorithms needed to achieve maximal alignment over the full length of the sequences being compared. For purposes herein, however, % amino acid sequence identity values are generated using the sequence comparison computer program ALIGN-2. The ALIGN-2 sequence comparison computer program was authored by Genentech, Inc., and the source code has been filed with user documentation in the U.S. Copyright Office, Washington D.C., 20559, where it is registered under U.S. Copyright Registration No. TXU510087. The ALIGN-2 program is publicly available from Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, Calif., or may be compiled from the source code. The ALIGN-2 program should be compiled for use on a UNIX operating system, including digital UNIX V4.0D. All sequence comparison parameters are set by the ALIGN-2 program and do not vary.

In situations where ALIGN-2 is employed for amino acid sequence comparisons, the % amino acid sequence identity of a given amino acid sequence A to, with, or against a given amino acid sequence B (which can alternatively be phrased as a given amino acid sequence A that has or comprises a certain % amino acid sequence identity to, with, or against a given amino acid sequence B) is calculated as follows: 100 times the fraction X/Y where X is the number of amino acid residues scored as identical matches by the sequence alignment program ALIGN-2 in that program's alignment of A and B, and where Y is the total number of amino acid residues in B. It will be appreciated that where the length of amino acid sequence A is not equal to the length of amino acid sequence B, the % amino acid sequence identity of A to B will not equal the % amino acid sequence identity of B to A. Unless specifically stated otherwise, all % amino acid sequence identity values used herein are obtained as described in the immediately preceding paragraph using the ALIGN-2 computer program.

The term “pharmaceutical formulation” refers to a preparation which is in such form as to permit the biological activity of an active ingredient contained therein to be effective, and which contains no additional components which are unacceptably toxic to a subject to which the formulation would be administered.

A “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” refers to an ingredient in a pharmaceutical formulation, other than an active ingredient, which is nontoxic to a subject. A pharmaceutically acceptable carrier includes, but is not limited to, a buffer, excipient, stabilizer, or preservative.

The term “toxicity” associated with Notch pathway inhibition as used herein refers to adverse events occurring in individuals receiving Notch pathway inhibitors. Nonlimiting examples of such toxicity include secretory metaplasia, diarrhea, gastrointestinal bleeding, liver toxicity (including, but not limited to, sinusoidal dilation, centrilobular hepatocyte atrophy, bile ductular proliferation, and elevated alanine aminotransferase), lung toxicity (including, but not limited to, necrotic lesions), heart toxicity (including, but not limited to, necrotic lesions), subcutaneous tumors, and thymic atrophy. See, e.g., van Es et al., 2005, Nature 435: 959-963; Yan et al., 2010, Nature 463: E6-7.

As used herein, “treatment” (and grammatical variations thereof such as “treat” or “treating”) refers to clinical intervention in an attempt to alter the natural course of the individual being treated, and can be performed either for prophylaxis or during the course of clinical pathology. Desirable effects of treatment include, but are not limited to, preventing occurrence or recurrence of disease, alleviation of symptoms, diminishment of any direct or indirect pathological consequences of the disease, preventing metastasis, decreasing the rate of disease progression, amelioration or palliation of the disease state, and remission or improved prognosis. In some embodiments, antibodies of the invention are used to delay development of a disease or to slow the progression of a disease.

The term “variable region” or “variable domain” refers to the domain of an antibody heavy or light chain that is involved in binding the antibody to antigen. The variable domains of the heavy chain and light chain (VH and VL, respectively) of a native antibody generally have similar structures, with each domain comprising four conserved framework regions (FRs) and three hypervariable regions (HVRs). (See, e.g., Kindt et al. Kuby Immunology, 6^(th) ed., W.H. Freeman and Co., page 91 (2007).) A single VH or VL domain may be sufficient to confer antigen-binding specificity. Furthermore, antibodies that bind a particular antigen may be isolated using a VH or VL domain from an antibody that binds the antigen to screen a library of complementary VL or VH domains, respectively. See, e.g., Portolano et al., J. Immunol. 150:880-887 (1993); Clarkson et al., Nature 352:624-628 (1991).

The term “vector,” as used herein, refers to a nucleic acid molecule capable of propagating another nucleic acid to which it is linked. The term includes the vector as a self-replicating nucleic acid structure as well as the vector incorporated into the genome of a host cell into which it has been introduced. Certain vectors are capable of directing the expression of nucleic acids to which they are operatively linked. Such vectors are referred to herein as “expression vectors.”

The term “Wnt” as used herein, refers to any native Wnt from any vertebrate source, including mammals such as primates (e.g. humans) and rodents (e.g., mice and rats), unless otherwise indicated. The term encompasses “full-length,” unprocessed Wnt as well as any form of Wnt that results from processing in the cell. The term also encompasses naturally occurring variants of Wnt, e.g., splice variants or allelic variants. The human Wnt gene family of secreted ligands has includes at least 19 members (e.g., Wnt-1 (RefSeq.: NM-005430), Wnt-2 (RefSeq.: NM-003391), Wnt-2B (Wnt-13) (RefSeq.: NM-004185), Wnt-3 (RefSeq.: NM-030753), Wnt3a (RefSeq.: NM-033131), Wnt-4 (RefSeq.: NM-030761), Wnt-5A (RefSeq.: NM-003392), Wnt-5B (RefSeq.: NM-032642), Wnt-6 (RefSeq.: NM-006522), Wnt-7A (RefSeq.: NM-004625), Wnt-7B (RefSeq.: NM-058238), Wnt-8A (RefSeq.: NM-058244), Wnt-8B (RefSeq.: NM-003393), Wnt-9A (Wnt-14) (RefSeq.: NM-003395), Wnt-9B (Wnt-15) (RefSeq.: NM-003396), Wnt-10A (RefSeq.: NM-025216), Wnt-10B (RefSeq.: NM-003394), Wnt-11 (RefSeq.: NM-004626), Wnt-16 (RefSeq.: NM-016087)). Each member has varying degrees of sequence identity but all contain 23-24 conserved cysteine residues which show highly conserved spacing. See McMahon, A P et al., Trends Genet. 1992; 8: 236-242; Miller, J R. Genome Biol. 2002; 3(1): 3001.1-3001.15.

The term “Wnt pathway inhibitor” or “inhibitor of Wnt pathway” as used herein refers to an agent that inhibits Wnt activity. A Wnt pathway inhibitor may be an antibody, a soluble receptor, a small molecule, or the like. Nonlimiting exemplary Wnt pathway inhibitors include small molecule inhibitors (including, but not limited to, Wnt-059 (2-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)phenyl)-N-(4-(pyridin-3-yl)phenyl)acetamide), LGK974 (see Liu et al., 2013, PNAS, 110:20224-9)) anti-Wnt antibodies (including, but not limited to, antibodies that bind to more than one Wnt; see, e.g., U.S. Publication No. 2013/0045209); anti-LRP antibodies (including, but not limited to, anti-LRP5 antibodies, anti-LRP6 antibodies, anti-LRP5/6 antibodies, and other antibodies that bind to more than one LRP); anti-Fzd antibodies (including, but not limited to, anti-Fzd7 antibodies and antibodies that bind to more than one Fzd); soluble Fzd receptors (including, but not limited to, soluble Fzd8); and small molecules that inhibit β-catenin (e.g., PRI-724, Prism Pharma Co.).

II. Compositions and Methods

In one aspect, the invention is based, in part, on the finding that Wnt pathway inhibition alleviates the toxicity associated with Notch pathway inhibition. In certain embodiments, methods of treating cancer are provided, wherein the method comprises administering at least one Wnt pathway inhibitor to an individual who has received, is receiving, or will receive Notch pathway inhibitor therapy. Accordingly, the invention provides methods, compositions, kits, and articles of manufacture related to coordinated Notch pathway inhibition and Wnt pathway inhibition.

A. Notch Pathway Inhibitors

In some embodiments, the invention provides Notch pathway inhibitors. Notch pathway inhibitors include, but are not limited to, small molecules such as gamma secretase inhibitors, and antibodies that bind to one or more proteins involved in Notch signaling. Nonlimiting exemplary antibodies that bind to one or more proteins involved in Notch signaling include anti-Notch antibodies, anti-Jagged antibodies, and anti-DLL antibodies. Also provided are bispecific antibodies comprising a first antigen binding region that binds to one or more proteins involved in Notch signaling and a second antigen binding region that binds to one or more proteins involved in Notch signaling or a second antigen binding region that binds to an antigen not directly involved in Notch signaling, such as VEGF.

1. Anti-Notch Antibodies

In some embodiments, anti-Notch antibodies are provided. Anti-Notch antibodies include, but are not limited to, anti-Notch NRR antibodies and anti-Notch antibodies that bind to the EGF-like repeat region. In some such embodiments, an anti-Notch antibody binds to Notch1. In some embodiments, an anti-Notch antibody binds to Notch2. In some embodiments, an anti-Notch antibody binds to Notch3. In some embodiments, an anti-Notch antibody binds to Notch4. In some embodiments, an anti-Notch antibody binds to more than one Notch. In some embodiments, an anti-Notch antibody binds to Notch1 and Notch2. In some embodiments, an anti-Notch antibody binds to Notch2 and Notch3.

Anti-Notch antibodies useful in the methods of the invention include, but are not limited to, the anti-Notch antibodies described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,404,237; 8,404,239; 8,088,617; 8,435,513; 8,460,661; 8,425,903; 8,226,943; 8,206,713; 7,919,092; 7,994,285; 7,935,791; 8,513,388; 8,329,868; and 8,148,106; and U.S. Publication Nos. 2013/0266594; 2012/0213786; 2011/0311552; 2009/0258026; 2013/0323266; 2010/0080808; 2012/0328608; 2012/0093813; and 2013/0323257. In some embodiments, an anti-Notch antibody comprises the HVRs of any of the anti-Notch antibodies described in the patents and applications listed above.

In some embodiments, an anti-Notch antibody comprises the HVRs of, or the variable regions of, antibody 59R5, described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,919,092. In some embodiments, an anti-Notch antibody is antibody 59R5, described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,919,092. In a Phase 1a study in patients with solid tumors, 58% of patients experienced diarrhea, with 14% experiencing grade 3 or higher diarrhea. Further, a significant correlation between diarrhea grade and does of antibody 59R5 was found. See Dupont, “OMP-59R5: a Novel Therapeutic Antibody in Clinical Development for Patients with Cancer,” available at www.oncomed.com/presentations/OMP-59R5_Ph1a_Presenation_PEP.pdf.

In some embodiments, an anti-Notch antibody comprises the HVRs of, or the variable regions of, antibody 52M51 or a humanized version such as 52M51H4L3, described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,435,513. In some embodiments, an anti-Notch antibody is antibody 52M51 or a humanized version such as 52M51H4L3, described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,435,513. In a first-in-human phase I study in patients with advanced solid tumors, 64% of patients experienced diarrhea. See Davis et al., “A first-in-human phase I study of the novel cancer stem cell (CSC) targeting antibody OMP-52M51 (anti-Notch1) administered intravenously to patients with certain advanced solid tumors,” available at www.oncomed.com/presentations/OMP-52M51%20Ph1a_AACR-NCI-EORTC2013.pdf.

In some embodiments, an anti-Notch antibody comprises the HVRs of, or the variable regions of, antibody A, A-1, A-2, or A-3, described in U.S. Publication No. 2009/0258026. In some embodiments, an anti-Notch antibody comprises the HVRs of, or the variable regions of, antibody A-2, described in U.S. Publication No. 2009/0258026. In some embodiments, an anti-Notch antibody is antibody A, A-1, A-2, or A-3, described in U.S. Publication No. 2009/0258026. In some embodiments, an anti-Notch antibody is antibody A-2, described in U.S. Publication No. 2009/0258026.

In some embodiments, an anti-Notch antibody comprises the HVRs of, or the variable regions of, antibody D, D-1, D-2, or D-3, described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,404,239. In some embodiments, an anti-Notch antibody comprises the HVRs of, or the variable regions of, antibody D-3, described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,404,239. In some embodiments, an anti-Notch antibody is antibody D, D-1, D-2, or D-3, described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,404,239. In some embodiments, an anti-Notch antibody is antibody D-3, described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,404,239.

In some embodiments, an anti-Notch antibody comprises the HVRs of, or the variable regions of, antibody 256A-4 or 256A-8, described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,329,868. In some embodiments, an anti-Notch antibody is antibody 256A-4 or 256A-8, described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,329,868. In some embodiments, an anti-Notch antibody comprises the HVRs of, or the variable regions of, antibody 256A-4, described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,329,868. In some embodiments, an anti-Notch antibody is antibody 256A-4, described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,329,868.

In some embodiments, an anti-Notch antibody comprises the HVRs of, or the variable regions of, antibody 255A-71, 255A-77, or 256A-13, described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,513,388. In some embodiments, an anti-Notch antibody is antibody 255A-71, 255A-77, or 256A-13, described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,513,388.

In some embodiments, an anti-Notch antibody comprises the HVRs of, or the variable regions of, antibody N248A, described in U.S. Publication No. 2012/0093813. In some embodiments, an anti-Notch antibody is antibody N248A, described in U.S. Publication No. 2012/0093813.

2. Anti-Jagged Antibodies

In some embodiments, anti-Jagged antibodies are provided. In some such embodiments, an anti-Jagged antibody binds to Jagged1 and Jagged2.

Anti-Jagged antibodies useful in the methods of the invention include, but are not limited to, the anti-Jagged antibodies described in U.S. Publication Nos. 2014/0010810; 2012/0301489; 2008/0317760; PCT Publication No. 2014/028446; and PCT Publication No. 2014/111704. In some embodiments, an anti-Jagged antibody comprises the HVRs of any of the anti-Jagged antibodies described in the patents and applications listed above.

In some embodiments, an anti-Jagged antibody comprises the HVRs of, or the variable regions of, antibody 4D11, described in U.S. Publication No. 2014/0010810. In some embodiments, an anti-Jagged antibody is antibody 4D11 or 5342-1204-4D11, described in U.S. Publication No. 2014/0010810.

In some embodiments, an anti-Jagged antibody comprises the HVRs of, or the variable regions of, antibody 64R7, described in U.S. Publication No. 2012/0301489. In some embodiments, an anti-Jagged antibody is antibody 64R7, described in U.S. Publication No. 2012/0301489.

In some embodiments, an anti-Jagged antibody comprises the HVRs of, or the variable regions of, antibody 64M14, described in U.S. Publication No. 2008/0317760, and deposited with the ATCC under deposit number PTA-10416. In some embodiments, an anti-Jagged antibody is antibody 64M14, described in U.S. Publication No. 2008/0317760.

In some embodiments, an anti-Jagged antibody comprises the HVRs of, or the variable regions of, antibody 133R0201, described in U.S. Publication No. 2012/0301489. In some embodiments, an anti-Jagged antibody is antibody 133R0201, described in U.S. Publication No. 2012/0301489.

In some embodiments, an anti-Jagged antibody comprises the HVRs of, or the variable regions of, antibody 133R0203, described in U.S. Publication No. 2012/0301489. In some embodiments, an anti-Jagged antibody is antibody 133R0203, described in U.S. Publication No. 2012/0301489.

In some embodiments, an anti-Jagged antibody comprises the HVRs of, or the variable regions of, antibody 133R0205, described in U.S. Publication No. 2012/0301489. In some embodiments, an anti-Jagged antibody is antibody 133R0205, described in U.S. Publication No. 2012/0301489.

In some embodiments, an anti-Jagged antibody comprises the HVRs of, or the variable regions of, antibody 64M51, described in U.S. Publication No. 2012/0301489. In some embodiments, an anti-Jagged antibody is antibody 64M51, described in U.S. Publication No. 2012/0301489.

In some embodiments, an anti-Jagged antibody comprises the HVRs of, or the variable regions of, antibody 64R1B, described in U.S. Publication No. 2012/0301489. In some embodiments, an anti-Jagged antibody is antibody 64R1B, described in U.S. Publication No. 2012/0301489.

In some embodiments, an anti-Jagged antibody comprises the HVRs of, or the variable regions of, antibody J1-65D or antibody J1-183D or a variant of one of those antibodies, described in U.S. Publication No. 2014/111704 (see, e.g., Table 5 and FIGS. 23 and 24). In some embodiments, an anti-Jagged antibody is antibody J1-65D or antibody J1-183D or a variant of one of those antibodies, described in U.S. Publication No. 2014/111704.

In some embodiments, an anti-Jagged antibody comprises the HVRs of, or the variable regions of, antibody A, A-1, or A-2, described in PCT Publication No. WO 2014/028446. In some embodiments, an anti-Jagged antibody is antibody A, A-1, or A-2, described in PCT Publication No. WO 2014/028446. In some embodiments, an anti-Jagged antibody comprises the HVRs of, or the variable regions of, antibody A-2, described in PCT Publication No. WO 2014/028446. In some embodiments, an anti-Jagged antibody is antibody A-2, described in PCT Publication No. WO 2014/028446.

In some embodiments, an anti-Jagged antibody comprises the HVRs of, or the variable regions of, antibody B, B-1, B-2, B-3, or B-4, described in PCT Publication No. WO 2014/028446. In some embodiments, an anti-Jagged antibody is antibody B, B-1, B-2, B-3, or B-4, described in PCT Publication No. WO 2014/028446. In some embodiments, an anti-Jagged antibody comprises the HVRs of, or the variable regions of, antibody B-3, described in PCT Publication No. WO 2014/028446. In some embodiments, an anti-Jagged antibody is antibody B-3, described in PCT Publication No. WO 2014/028446.

In some embodiments, an anti-Jagged antibody comprises the HVRs of, or the variable regions of, antibody C-1, described in PCT Publication No. WO 2014/028446. In some embodiments, an anti-Jagged antibody is antibody C-1, described in PCT Publication No. WO 2014/028446.

3. Anti-DLL Antibodies

In some embodiments, anti-DLL antibodies are provided. In some such embodiments, an anti-DLL antibody binds to DLL1 and/or DLL4. In some embodiments, an anti-DLL antibody is a bispecific antibody comprising a first antigen binding site that binds to DLL and a second antigen biding site that binds to a different antigen. In some embodiments, an anti-DLL antibody is a bispecific antibody comprising a first antigen binding site that binds to DLL and a second antigen biding site that binds to VEGF.

Anti-DLL antibodies useful in the methods of the invention include, but are not limited to, the anti-DLL antibodies described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,803,377; U.S. Publication No. 2010/0196385; 2014/0093521; 2013/0323248; and 2013/0164295. In some embodiments, an anti-DLL antibody comprises the HVRs of any of the anti-DLL antibodies described in the patents and applications listed above.

In some embodiments, an anti-DLL antibody comprises the HVRs of, or the variable regions of, antibody YW26.82, described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,803,377. In some embodiments, an anti-DLL antibody is antibody YW26.82, described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,803,377.

In some embodiments, an anti-DLL antibody comprises the HVRs of, or the variable regions of, antibody OMP-21M18, described in U.S. Publication No. 2013/0323265. In some embodiments, an anti-DLL antibody is antibody OMP-21M18, described in U.S. Publication No. 2013/0323265. In some embodiments, an anti-DLL antibody comprises the HVRs of, or the variable regions of, an antibody encoded by the plasmid having ATCC deposit no. PTA-8425 or PTA-8427. See U.S. Publication No. 2013/0323265. In some embodiments, an anti-DLL antibody is demcizumab.

In some embodiments, an anti-DLL antibody is a bispecific antibody that binds DLL4 and VEGF. In some embodiments, an anti-DLL antibody comprises the HVRs of, or the variable regions of, an anti-DLL4 antibody or bispecific antibody described in U.S. Patent No. 2013/0164295. In some embodiments, an anti-DLL antibody is an anti-DLL4 antibody or bispecific antibody that described in U.S. Patent No. 2013/0164295. In some embodiments, an anti-DLL antibody is a bispecific antibody comprising the HVRs of, or the variable regions of, anti-VEGF/anti-DLL4 bispecific antibody 219R45-MB-21M18 or 219R45-MB-21R83, described in U.S. Publication No. 2013/0164295. In some embodiments, an anti-DLL antibody is anti-VEGF/anti-DLL4 bispecific antibody 219R45-MB-21M18 or 219R45-MB-21R83, described in U.S. Publication No. 2013/0164295.

4. Gamma Secretase Inhibitors

In some embodiments, gamma secretase inhibitors are provided. Nonlimiting exemplary gamma secretase inhibitors include tarenflurbil (Flurizan), semagacestat (LY450139), avagacestat, MK-0752 (3-((1r,4s)-4-(4-chlorophenylsulfonyl)-4-(2,5-difluorophenyl)cyclohexyl)propanoic acid), N—[N-(3,5-Difluorophenacetyl)-L-alanyl]-S-phenylglycine t-butyl ester (DAPT), (2S)-2-{[(3,5-Difluorophenyl)acetyl]amino}-N-[(3S)-1-methyl-2-oxo-5-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-1,4-benzodiazepin-3-yl]propanamide (compound E), and N-[(1S)-2-[[(7S)-6,7-Dihydro-5-methyl-6-oxo-5H-dibenz[b,d]azepin-7-yl]amino]-1-methyl-2-oxoethyl]-3,5-difluorobenzeneacetamide (DBZ). U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,756,511; 6,890,956; 6,984,626; 7,049,296; 7,101,895; 7,138,400; 7,144,910; 7,183,303; 8,377,886.

B. Wnt Pathway Inhibitors

In some embodiments, the invention provides Wnt pathway inhibitors. Wnt pathway inhibitors include, but are not limited to, small molecules, polypeptides, and antibodies that bind to one or more proteins involved in Wnt signaling. Nonlimiting exemplary antibodies that bind to one or more proteins involved in Wnt signaling include anti-LRP antibodies, anti-Frizzled antibodies, anti-RSPO antibodies, and anti-Wnt antibodies. Also provided are bispecific antibodies comprising a first antigen binding region that binds to one or more proteins involved in Wnt signaling and a second antigen binding region that binds to one or more proteins involved in Wnt signaling or a second antigen binding region that binds to an antigen not directly involved in Wnt. Also provided are soluble receptor inhibitors of the Wnt pathway, including but not limited to, soluble Fzd receptors. Also provided are small molecule inhibitors of the Wnt pathway, including but not limited to, small molecules that inhibit β-catenin.

1. Anti-LRP Antibodies

In some embodiments, anti-LRP antibodies are provided. In some such embodiments, an anti-LRP antibody binds to LRP5 and/or LRP6. In some embodiments, an anti-LRP antibody is a bispecific or biparatopic antibody comprising a first antigen binding site that binds to an LRP (such as LRP6) and a second antigen biding site that binds to an LRP (such as LRP6). In some embodiments, an anti-LRP antibody binds to both LRP5 and LRP6.

Anti-LRP antibodies useful in the methods of the invention include, but are not limited to, the anti-LRP antibodies described in U.S. Publication Nos. 2013/0183320; 2011/0256127; 2011/0243963; 2013/0064823; and 2012/0276089. In some embodiments, an anti-LRP antibody comprises the HVRs of any of the anti-LRP antibodies described in the patents and applications listed above.

In some embodiments, an anti-LRP antibody comprises the HVRs of, or the variable regions of, antibody YW211.31.62 and/or YW210.09, described in U.S. Publication No. 2011/0256127. In some embodiments, an anti-LRP antibody is antibody YW211.31.62 or YW210.09, described in U.S. Publication No. 2011/0256127. In some embodiments, an anti-LRP antibody is a bispecific antibody comprising a first antigen binding region comprising the HVRs of, or the variable regions of, antibody YW211.31.62, and a second antigen binding region comprising HVRs of, or the variable regions of, antibody YW210.09. In some embodiments, an anti-LRP antibody is bispecific antibody YW211.31.62/YW210.09.

In some embodiments, an anti-LRP antibody comprises the HVRs of, or the variable regions of, a biparatopic antibody described in U.S. Publication No. 2013/0064823. In some embodiments, an anti-LRP antibody is a biparatopic antibody described in U.S. Publication No. 2013/0064823.

In some embodiments, an anti-LRP antibody comprises the HVRs of, or the variable regions of, antibody P6C.51.61, described in U.S. Publication No. 2013/0183320. In some embodiments, an anti-LRP antibody is antibody P6C.51.61, described in U.S. Publication No. 2013/0183320.

In some embodiments, an anti-LRP antibody comprises the HVRs of, or the variable regions of, antibody 7E5C8, described in U.S. Publication No. 2012/0276089. In some embodiments, an anti-LRP antibody is antibody 7E5C8, described in U.S. Publication No. 2012/0276089.

2. Anti-Frizzled Antibodies

In some embodiments, anti-Frizzled antibodies are provided. In some embodiments, an anti-Frizzled antibody binds Fzd7. In some embodiments, an anti-Frizzled antibody binds more than one Frizzled. In some embodiments, an anti-Frizzled antibody binds one or more Fzds selected from Fzd1, Fzd2, Fzd5, Fzd7, and Fzd8. In some embodiments, an anti-Frizzled antibody binds Fzd5 and/or Fzd8. In some embodiments, an anti-Frizzled antibody binds Fzd10.

Anti-Frizzled antibodies useful in the methods of the invention include, but are not limited to, the anti-Frizzled antibodies described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,982,013; 8,507,442; U.S. Publication Nos. 2013/0295106; 2012/0027778; and 2013/0095104. In some embodiments, an anti-Frizzled antibody comprises the HVRs of any of the anti-Frizzled antibodies described in the patents and applications listed above.

In some embodiments, an anti-Fzd antibody comprises the HVRs of, or the variable regions of, antibody 18R5, described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,507,442. In some embodiments, an anti-Fzd antibody is antibody 18R5, described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,507,442.

In some embodiments, an anti-Fzd antibody comprises the HVRs of, or the variable regions of, antibody B9L9.3, described in U.S. Publication No. 2013/0095104. In some embodiments, an anti-Fzd antibody is a humanized antibody huB9L9.3, described in U.S. Publication No. 2013/0095104.

3. Anti-Wnt Antibodies

In some embodiments, anti-Wnt antibodies are provided. In some embodiments, an anti-Wnt antibody binds to at least one Wnt selected from Wnt1, Wnt2, Wnt2b, Wnt3, Wnt3a, Wnt7a, Wnt7b, Wnt8a, Wnt8b, Wnt10a, and Wnt10b. In some embodiments, an anti-Wnt antibody binds to two or more Wnts selected from Wnt1, Wnt2, Wnt2b, Wnt3, Wnt3a, Wnt7a, Wnt7b, Wnt8a, Wnt8b, Wnt10a, and Wnt10b.

Anti-Wnt antibodies useful in the methods of the invention include, but are not limited to, the anti-Wnt antibodies described in U.S. Publication No. 2013/0045209. In some embodiments, an anti-Wnt antibody comprises the HVRs of any of the anti-Wnt antibodies described in U.S. Publication No. 2013/0045209 (including, but not limited to, an anti-Wnt antibody comprising the HVRs of an antibody selected from 250M1, 250M2, 250M3, 250M6, 250M8, 250M11, 250M13, 250M17, 250M19, 25024, and 250M25).

4. Anti-RSPO Antibodies

In some embodiments, anti-RSPO antibodies are provided. In some embodiments, an anti-RSPO antibody binds at least one RSPO selected from RSPO1, RSPO2, and RSPO3. In some embodiments, an anti-RSPO antibody binds RSPO1. In some embodiments, an anti-RSPO antibody binds RSPO2. In some embodiments, an anti-RSPO antibody binds RSPO2 and RSPO3.

Anti-RSPO antibodies useful in the methods of the invention include, but are not limited to, the anti-RSPO antibodies described in U.S. Publication No. 2013/0209473; PCT Publication No. WO 2014/012007; U.S. Pat. No. 8,802,097. In some embodiments, an anti-RSPO antibody comprises the HVRs of any of the anti-RSPO antibodies described in the patent and applications listed above.

In some embodiments, an anti-RSPO antibody comprises the HVRs of, or the variable regions of, antibody 131R010, described in PCT Publication No. WO 2014/012007. In some embodiments, an anti-RSPO antibody is antibody 131R010, described in PCT Publication No. WO 2014/012007.

In some embodiments, an anti-RSPO antibody comprises the HVRs of, or the variable regions of, antibody 89M5 or 130M23, described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,802,097. In some embodiments, an anti-RSPO antibody is antibody 89M5 or 130M23, described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,802,097.

5. Soluble Frizzled Receptors

In some embodiments, soluble Frizzled receptors are provided. In some embodiments, a soluble Frizzled receptor comprises the Fri domain of a Frizzled receptor selected from Fzd4, Fzd5, Fzd6, Fzd7, Fzd8, and Fzd10. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,723,477 and 7,947,277. In some embodiments, a soluble Frizzled receptor comprises the Fri domain of Fzd8. In some embodiments, a soluble Frizzled receptor comprises the Fri domain of Fzd4. In some embodiments, a soluble Frizzled receptor comprises the Fri domain of Fzd5. In some embodiments, a soluble Frizzled receptor is fused to an Fc domain.

Soluble Frizzleds useful in the methods of the invention include, but are not limited to, the soluble Frizzled described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,723,477. In some embodiments, a soluble Frizzled is 54F28, described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,723,477.

Soluble Frizzleds useful in the methods of the invention include, but are not limited to, the soluble Frizzled described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,947,277. In some embodiments, a soluble Frizzled is a soluble Fzd8, described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,947,277.

6. Other Wnt Pathway Inhibitors

In some embodiments, small molecule and polypeptide inhibitors of the Wnt pathway are provided. In some embodiments, a Wnt pathway inhibitor is a polypeptide described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,551,789. In some embodiments, a Wnt pathway inhibitor is a peptide described in U.S. Publication No. 2013/0273058.

Nonlimiting exemplary small molecule inhibitors of the Wnt pathway are described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,445,491; 8,450,340; U.S. Publication No. 2013/0296344; 2013/0190258; 2013/0267495; 2013/0225576; 2014/0031374; 2014/0005164; and Landman et al., 2013, Arthritis Research & Therapy 15:R93 (PKF115-584, PKF118-310, and CGP049090); Chen et al., 2009, Nat. Chem. Biol. 5: 100-7 (IWP-2). Further small molecule inhibitors of the Wnt pathway include, but are not limited to, CCT036477 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology), IWR-1 endo and exo (Santa Cruz Biotechnology), FH535 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology), LGK974 (2-(2′,3-dimethyl-[2,4′-bipyridin]-5-yl)-N-(5-(pyrazin-2-yl)pyridin-2-yl)acetamide), Wnt-C59 (2-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)phenyl)-N-(4-(pyridin-3-yl)phenyl)acetamide), AVN316 (Avalon Pharmaceuticals), and PRI-724 (Prism Pharma Co.).

In a further aspect, any of the antibodies according to any of the above embodiments may incorporate any of the features, singly or in combination, as described in Sections 1-7 below:

7. Antibody Affinity

In certain embodiments, an antibody provided herein has a dissociation constant (Kd) of ≦1 μM, ≦100 nM, ≦10 nM, ≦1 nM, ≦0.1 nM, ≦0.01 nM, or ≦0.001 nM (e.g. 10⁻⁸M or less, e.g. from 10⁻⁸M to 10⁻¹³ M, e.g., from 10⁻⁹M to 10⁻¹³ M).

In one embodiment, Kd is measured by a radiolabeled antigen binding assay (RIA). In one embodiment, an RIA is performed with the Fab version of an antibody of interest and its antigen. For example, solution binding affinity of Fabs for antigen is measured by equilibrating Fab with a minimal concentration of (¹²⁵I)-labeled antigen in the presence of a titration series of unlabeled antigen, then capturing bound antigen with an anti-Fab antibody-coated plate (see, e.g., Chen et al., J. Mol. Biol. 293:865-881 (1999)). To establish conditions for the assay, MICROTITER® multi-well plates (Thermo Scientific) are coated overnight with 5 μg/ml of a capturing anti-Fab antibody (Cappel Labs) in 50 mM sodium carbonate (pH 9.6), and subsequently blocked with 2% (w/v) bovine serum albumin in PBS for two to five hours at room temperature (approximately 23° C.). In a non-adsorbent plate (Nunc #269620), 100 pM or 26 pM [¹²⁵I]-antigen are mixed with serial dilutions of a Fab of interest (e.g., consistent with assessment of the anti-VEGF antibody, Fab-12, in Presta et al., Cancer Res. 57:4593-4599 (1997)). The Fab of interest is then incubated overnight; however, the incubation may continue for a longer period (e.g., about 65 hours) to ensure that equilibrium is reached. Thereafter, the mixtures are transferred to the capture plate for incubation at room temperature (e.g., for one hour). The solution is then removed and the plate washed eight times with 0.1% polysorbate 20 (TWEEN-20®) in PBS. When the plates have dried, 150 μl/well of scintillant (MICROSCINT-20™; Packard) is added, and the plates are counted on a TOPCOUNT™ gamma counter (Packard) for ten minutes. Concentrations of each Fab that give less than or equal to 20% of maximal binding are chosen for use in competitive binding assays.

According to another embodiment, Kd is measured using a BIACORE® surface plasmon resonance assay. For example, an assay using a BIACORE®-2000 or a BIACORE®-3000 (BIAcore, Inc., Piscataway, N.J.) is performed at 25° C. with immobilized antigen CM5 chips at ˜10 response units (RU). In one embodiment, carboxymethylated dextran biosensor chips (CM5, BIACORE, Inc.) are activated with N-ethyl-N′-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) according to the supplier's instructions. Antigen is diluted with 10 mM sodium acetate, pH 4.8, to 5 μg/ml (˜0.2 μM) before injection at a flow rate of 5 μl/minute to achieve approximately 10 response units (RU) of coupled protein. Following the injection of antigen, 1 M ethanolamine is injected to block unreacted groups. For kinetics measurements, two-fold serial dilutions of Fab (0.78 nM to 500 nM) are injected in PBS with 0.05% polysorbate 20 (TWEEN-20™) surfactant (PBST) at 25° C. at a flow rate of approximately 25 μl/min Association rates (k_(on)) and dissociation rates (k_(off)) are calculated using a simple one-to-one Langmuir binding model (BIACORE® Evaluation Software version 3.2) by simultaneously fitting the association and dissociation sensorgrams. The equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) is calculated as the ratio k_(off)/k_(on). See, e.g., Chen et al., J. Mol. Biol. 293:865-881 (1999). If the on-rate exceeds 10⁶ M⁻¹ s⁻¹ by the surface plasmon resonance assay above, then the on-rate can be determined by using a fluorescent quenching technique that measures the increase or decrease in fluorescence emission intensity (excitation=295 nm; emission=340 nm, 16 nm band-pass) at 25° C. of a 20 nM anti-antigen antibody (Fab form) in PBS, pH 7.2, in the presence of increasing concentrations of antigen as measured in a spectrometer, such as a stop-flow equipped spectrophometer (Aviv Instruments) or a 8000-series SLM-AMINCO™ spectrophotometer (ThermoSpectronic) with a stirred cuvette.

8. Antibody Fragments

In certain embodiments, an antibody provided herein is an antibody fragment. Antibody fragments include, but are not limited to, Fab, Fab′, Fab′-SH, F(ab′)₂, Fv, and scFv fragments, and other fragments described below. For a review of certain antibody fragments, see Hudson et al. Nat. Med. 9:129-134 (2003). For a review of scFv fragments, see, e.g., Pluckthün, in The Pharmacology of Monoclonal Antibodies, vol. 113, Rosenburg and Moore eds., (Springer-Verlag, New York), pp. 269-315 (1994); see also WO 93/16185; and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,571,894 and 5,587,458. For discussion of Fab and F(ab′)2 fragments comprising salvage receptor binding epitope residues and having increased in vivo half-life, see U.S. Pat. No. 5,869,046.

Diabodies are antibody fragments with two antigen-binding sites that may be bivalent or bispecific. See, for example, EP 404,097; WO 1993/01161; Hudson et al., Nat. Med. 9:129-134 (2003); and Hollinger et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90: 6444-6448 (1993). Triabodies and tetrabodies are also described in Hudson et al., Nat. Med. 9:129-134 (2003).

Single-domain antibodies are antibody fragments comprising all or a portion of the heavy chain variable domain or all or a portion of the light chain variable domain of an antibody. In certain embodiments, a single-domain antibody is a human single-domain antibody (Domantis, Inc., Waltham, Mass.; see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,248,516 B1).

Antibody fragments can be made by various techniques, including but not limited to proteolytic digestion of an intact antibody as well as production by recombinant host cells (e.g. E. coli or phage), as described herein.

9. Chimeric and Humanized Antibodies

In certain embodiments, an antibody provided herein is a chimeric antibody. Certain chimeric antibodies are described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567; and Morrison et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 81:6851-6855 (1984)). In one example, a chimeric antibody comprises a non-human variable region (e.g., a variable region derived from a mouse, rat, hamster, rabbit, or non-human primate, such as a monkey) and a human constant region. In a further example, a chimeric antibody is a “class switched” antibody in which the class or subclass has been changed from that of the parent antibody. Chimeric antibodies include antigen-binding fragments thereof.

In certain embodiments, a chimeric antibody is a humanized antibody. Typically, a non-human antibody is humanized to reduce immunogenicity to humans, while retaining the specificity and affinity of the parental non-human antibody. Generally, a humanized antibody comprises one or more variable domains in which HVRs, e.g., CDRs, (or portions thereof) are derived from a non-human antibody, and FRs (or portions thereof) are derived from human antibody sequences. A humanized antibody optionally will also comprise at least a portion of a human constant region. In some embodiments, some FR residues in a humanized antibody are substituted with corresponding residues from a non-human antibody (e.g., the antibody from which the HVR residues are derived), e.g., to restore or improve antibody specificity or affinity.

Humanized antibodies and methods of making them are reviewed, e.g., in Almagro and Fransson, Front. Biosci. 13:1619-1633 (2008), and are further described, e.g., in Riechmann et al., Nature 332:323-329 (1988); Queen et al., Proc. Nat'l Acad. Sci. USA 86:10029-10033 (1989); U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,821,337, 7,527,791, 6,982,321, and 7,087,409; Kashmiri et al., Methods 36:25-34 (2005) (describing specificity determining region (SDR) grafting); Padlan, Mol. Immunol. 28:489-498 (1991) (describing “resurfacing”); Dall'Acqua et al., Methods 36:43-60 (2005) (describing “FR shuffling”); and Osbourn et al., Methods 36:61-68 (2005) and Klimka et al., Br. J. Cancer, 83:252-260 (2000) (describing the “guided selection” approach to FR shuffling).

Human framework regions that may be used for humanization include but are not limited to: framework regions selected using the “best-fit” method (see, e.g., Sims et al. J. Immunol. 151:2296 (1993)); framework regions derived from the consensus sequence of human antibodies of a particular subgroup of light or heavy chain variable regions (see, e.g., Carter et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 89:4285 (1992); and Presta et al. J. Immunol., 151:2623 (1993)); human mature (somatically mutated) framework regions or human germline framework regions (see, e.g., Almagro and Fransson, Front. Biosci. 13:1619-1633 (2008)); and framework regions derived from screening FR libraries (see, e.g., Baca et al., J. Biol. Chem. 272:10678-10684 (1997) and Rosok et al., J. Biol. Chem. 271:22611-22618 (1996)).

10. Human Antibodies

In certain embodiments, an antibody provided herein is a human antibody. Human antibodies can be produced using various techniques known in the art. Human antibodies are described generally in van Dijk and van de Winkel, Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 5: 368-74 (2001) and Lonberg, Curr. Opin. Immunol. 20:450-459 (2008).

Human antibodies may be prepared by administering an immunogen to a transgenic animal that has been modified to produce intact human antibodies or intact antibodies with human variable regions in response to antigenic challenge. Such animals typically contain all or a portion of the human immunoglobulin loci, which replace the endogenous immunoglobulin loci, or which are present extrachromosomally or integrated randomly into the animal's chromosomes. In such transgenic mice, the endogenous immunoglobulin loci have generally been inactivated. For review of methods for obtaining human antibodies from transgenic animals, see Lonberg, Nat. Biotech. 23:1117-1125 (2005). See also, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,075,181 and 6,150,584 describing XENOMOUSE™ technology; U.S. Pat. No. 5,770,429 describing HUMAB® technology; U.S. Pat. No. 7,041,870 describing K-M MOUSE® technology, and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2007/0061900, describing VELOCIMOUSE® technology). Human variable regions from intact antibodies generated by such animals may be further modified, e.g., by combining with a different human constant region.

Human antibodies can also be made by hybridoma-based methods. Human myeloma and mouse-human heteromyeloma cell lines for the production of human monoclonal antibodies have been described. (See, e.g., Kozbor J. Immunol., 133: 3001 (1984); Brodeur et al., Monoclonal Antibody Production Techniques and Applications, pp. 51-63 (Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1987); and Boerner et al., J. Immunol., 147: 86 (1991).) Human antibodies generated via human B-cell hybridoma technology are also described in Li et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 103:3557-3562 (2006). Additional methods include those described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 7,189,826 (describing production of monoclonal human IgM antibodies from hybridoma cell lines) and Ni, Xiandai Mianyixue, 26(4):265-268 (2006) (describing human-human hybridomas). Human hybridoma technology (Trioma technology) is also described in Vollmers and Brandlein, Histology and Histopathology, 20(3):927-937 (2005) and Vollmers and Brandlein, Methods and Findings in Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, 27(3):185-91 (2005).

Human antibodies may also be generated by isolating Fv clone variable domain sequences selected from human-derived phage display libraries. Such variable domain sequences may then be combined with a desired human constant domain. Techniques for selecting human antibodies from antibody libraries are described below.

11. Library-Derived Antibodies

Antibodies of the invention may be isolated by screening combinatorial libraries for antibodies with the desired activity or activities. For example, a variety of methods are known in the art for generating phage display libraries and screening such libraries for antibodies possessing the desired binding characteristics. Such methods are reviewed, e.g., in Hoogenboom et al. in Methods in Molecular Biology 178:1-37 (O'Brien et al., ed., Human Press, Totowa, N.J., 2001) and further described, e.g., in the McCafferty et al., Nature 348:552-554; Clackson et al., Nature 352: 624-628 (1991); Marks et al., J. Mol. Biol. 222: 581-597 (1992); Marks and Bradbury, in Methods in Molecular Biology 248:161-175 (Lo, ed., Human Press, Totowa, N.J., 2003); Sidhu et al., J. Mol. Biol. 338(2): 299-310 (2004); Lee et al., J. Mol. Biol. 340(5): 1073-1093 (2004); Fellouse, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101(34): 12467-12472 (2004); and Lee et al., J. Immunol. Methods 284(1-2): 119-132 (2004).

In certain phage display methods, repertoires of VH and VL genes are separately cloned by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and recombined randomly in phage libraries, which can then be screened for antigen-binding phage as described in Winter et al., Ann. Rev. Immunol., 12: 433-455 (1994). Phage typically display antibody fragments, either as single-chain Fv (scFv) fragments or as Fab fragments. Libraries from immunized sources provide high-affinity antibodies to the immunogen without the requirement of constructing hybridomas. Alternatively, the naive repertoire can be cloned (e.g., from human) to provide a single source of antibodies to a wide range of non-self and also self antigens without any immunization as described by Griffiths et al., EMBO J, 12: 725-734 (1993). Finally, naive libraries can also be made synthetically by cloning unrearranged V-gene segments from stem cells, and using PCR primers containing random sequence to encode the highly variable CDR3 regions and to accomplish rearrangement in vitro, as described by Hoogenboom and Winter, J. Mol. Biol., 227: 381-388 (1992). Patent publications describing human antibody phage libraries include, for example: U.S. Pat. No. 5,750,373, and US Patent Publication Nos. 2005/0079574, 2005/0119455, 2005/0266000, 2007/0117126, 2007/0160598, 2007/0237764, 2007/0292936, and 2009/0002360.

Antibodies or antibody fragments isolated from human antibody libraries are considered human antibodies or human antibody fragments herein.

6. Multispecific Antibodies

In certain embodiments, an antibody provided herein is a multispecific antibody, e.g. a bispecific antibody. Multispecific antibodies are monoclonal antibodies that have binding specificities for at least two different sites. In certain embodiments, one of the binding specificities is for a first antigen selected from Notch1, Notch2, Notch3, Notch4, Jagged 1, and Jagged2; and the other is for a second antigen selected from the same list. In certain embodiments, one of the binding specificities is for a first antigen selected from Notch1, Notch2, Notch3, Notch4, Jagged 1, and Jagged2; and the other is for a second antigen not selected from the same list. In certain embodiments, bispecific antibodies may bind to two different epitopes of the same antigen. Bispecific antibodies can be prepared as full length antibodies or antibody fragments.

Techniques for making multispecific antibodies include, but are not limited to, recombinant co-expression of two immunoglobulin heavy chain-light chain pairs having different specificities (see Milstein and Cuello, Nature 305: 537 (1983)), WO 93/08829, and Traunecker et al., EMBO J. 10: 3655 (1991)), and “knob-in-hole” engineering (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,731,168). Multi-specific antibodies may also be made by engineering electrostatic steering effects for making antibody Fc-heterodimeric molecules (WO 2009/089004A1); cross-linking two or more antibodies or fragments (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,676,980, and Brennan et al., Science, 229: 81 (1985)); using leucine zippers to produce bi-specific antibodies (see, e.g., Kostelny et al., J. Immunol., 148(5):1547-1553 (1992)); using “diabody” technology for making bispecific antibody fragments (see, e.g., Hollinger et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 90:6444-6448 (1993)); and using single-chain Fv (sFv) dimers (see, e.g. Gruber et al., J. Immunol., 152:5368 (1994)); and preparing trispecific antibodies as described, e.g., in Tutt et al. J. Immunol. 147: 60 (1991).

Engineered antibodies with three or more functional antigen binding sites, including “Octopus antibodies,” are also included herein (see, e.g. US 2006/0025576A1).

The antibody or fragment herein also includes a “Dual Acting FAb” or “DAF” comprising an antigen binding site that binds to a first antigen as well as another, different antigen (see, US 2008/0069820, for example).

7. Antibody Variants

In certain embodiments, amino acid sequence variants of the antibodies provided herein are contemplated. For example, it may be desirable to improve the binding affinity and/or other biological properties of the antibody Amino acid sequence variants of an antibody may be prepared by introducing appropriate modifications into the nucleotide sequence encoding the antibody, or by peptide synthesis. Such modifications include, for example, deletions from, and/or insertions into and/or substitutions of residues within the amino acid sequences of the antibody. Any combination of deletion, insertion, and substitution can be made to arrive at the final construct, provided that the final construct possesses the desired characteristics, e.g., antigen-binding.

a) Substitution, Insertion, and Deletion Variants

In certain embodiments, antibody variants having one or more amino acid substitutions are provided. Sites of interest for substitutional mutagenesis include the HVRs and FRs. Conservative substitutions are shown in Table 1 under the heading of “preferred substitutions.” More substantial changes are provided in Table 1 under the heading of “exemplary substitutions,” and as further described below in reference to amino acid side chain classes. Amino acid substitutions may be introduced into an antibody of interest and the products screened for a desired activity, e.g., retained/improved antigen binding, decreased immunogenicity, or improved ADCC or CDC.

TABLE 1 Original Exemplary Preferred Residue Substitutions Substitutions Ala (A) Val; Leu; Ile Val Arg (R) Lys; Gln; Asn Lys Asn (N) Gln; His; Asp, Lys; Arg Gln Asp (D) Glu; Asn Glu Cys (C) Ser; Ala Ser Gln (Q) Asn; Glu Asn Glu (E) Asp; Gln Asp Gly (G) Ala Ala His (H) Asn; Gln; Lys; Arg Arg Ile (I) Leu; Val; Met; Ala; Phe; Norleucine Leu Leu (L) Norleucine; Ile; Val; Met; Ala; Phe Ile Lys (K) Arg; Gln; Asn Arg Met (M) Leu; Phe; Ile Leu Phe (F) Trp; Leu; Val; Ile; Ala; Tyr Tyr Pro (P) Ala Ala Ser (S) Thr Thr Thr (T) Val; Ser Ser Trp (W) Tyr; Phe Tyr Tyr (Y) Trp; Phe; Thr; Ser Phe Val (V) Ile; Leu; Met; Phe; Ala; Norleucine Leu Amino acids may be grouped according to common side-chain properties:

(1) hydrophobic: Norleucine, Met, Ala, Val, Leu, Ile;

(2) neutral hydrophilic: Cys, Ser, Thr, Asn, Gln;

(3) acidic: Asp, Glu;

(4) basic: His, Lys, Arg;

(5) residues that influence chain orientation: Gly, Pro;

(6) aromatic: Trp, Tyr, Phe.

Non-conservative substitutions will entail exchanging a member of one of these classes for another class.

One type of substitutional variant involves substituting one or more hypervariable region residues of a parent antibody (e.g. a humanized or human antibody). Generally, the resulting variant(s) selected for further study will have modifications (e.g., improvements) in certain biological properties (e.g., increased affinity, reduced immunogenicity) relative to the parent antibody and/or will have substantially retained certain biological properties of the parent antibody. An exemplary substitutional variant is an affinity matured antibody, which may be conveniently generated, e.g., using phage display-based affinity maturation techniques such as those described herein. Briefly, one or more HVR residues are mutated and the variant antibodies displayed on phage and screened for a particular biological activity (e.g. binding affinity).

Alterations (e.g., substitutions) may be made in HVRs, e.g., to improve antibody affinity. Such alterations may be made in HVR “hotspots,” i.e., residues encoded by codons that undergo mutation at high frequency during the somatic maturation process (see, e.g., Chowdhury, Methods Mol. Biol. 207:179-196 (2008)), and/or residues that contact antigen, with the resulting variant VH or VL being tested for binding affinity. Affinity maturation by constructing and reselecting from secondary libraries has been described, e.g., in Hoogenboom et al. in Methods in Molecular Biology 178:1-37 (O'Brien et al., ed., Human Press, Totowa, N.J., (2001).) In some embodiments of affinity maturation, diversity is introduced into the variable genes chosen for maturation by any of a variety of methods (e.g., error-prone PCR, chain shuffling, or oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis). A secondary library is then created. The library is then screened to identify any antibody variants with the desired affinity. Another method to introduce diversity involves HVR-directed approaches, in which several HVR residues (e.g., 4-6 residues at a time) are randomized. HVR residues involved in antigen binding may be specifically identified, e.g., using alanine scanning mutagenesis or modeling. CDR-H3 and CDR-L3 in particular are often targeted.

In certain embodiments, substitutions, insertions, or deletions may occur within one or more HVRs so long as such alterations do not substantially reduce the ability of the antibody to bind antigen. For example, conservative alterations (e.g., conservative substitutions as provided herein) that do not substantially reduce binding affinity may be made in HVRs. Such alterations may, for example, be outside of antigen contacting residues in the HVRs. In certain embodiments of the variant VH and VL sequences provided above, each HVR either is unaltered, or contains no more than one, two or three amino acid substitutions.

A useful method for identification of residues or regions of an antibody that may be targeted for mutagenesis is called “alanine scanning mutagenesis” as described by Cunningham and Wells (1989) Science, 244:1081-1085. In this method, a residue or group of target residues (e.g., charged residues such as arg, asp, his, lys, and glu) are identified and replaced by a neutral or negatively charged amino acid (e.g., alanine or polyalanine) to determine whether the interaction of the antibody with antigen is affected. Further substitutions may be introduced at the amino acid locations demonstrating functional sensitivity to the initial substitutions. Alternatively, or additionally, a crystal structure of an antigen-antibody complex to identify contact points between the antibody and antigen. Such contact residues and neighboring residues may be targeted or eliminated as candidates for substitution. Variants may be screened to determine whether they contain the desired properties.

Amino acid sequence insertions include amino- and/or carboxyl-terminal fusions ranging in length from one residue to polypeptides containing a hundred or more residues, as well as intrasequence insertions of single or multiple amino acid residues. Examples of terminal insertions include an antibody with an N-terminal methionyl residue. Other insertional variants of the antibody molecule include the fusion to the N- or C-terminus of the antibody to an enzyme (e.g. for ADEPT) or a polypeptide which increases the serum half-life of the antibody.

b) Glycosylation Variants

In certain embodiments, an antibody provided herein is altered to increase or decrease the extent to which the antibody is glycosylated. Addition or deletion of glycosylation sites to an antibody may be conveniently accomplished by altering the amino acid sequence such that one or more glycosylation sites is created or removed.

Where the antibody comprises an Fc region, the carbohydrate attached thereto may be altered. Native antibodies produced by mammalian cells typically comprise a branched, biantennary oligosaccharide that is generally attached by an N-linkage to Asn297 of the CH2 domain of the Fc region. See, e.g., Wright et al. TIBTECH 15:26-32 (1997). The oligosaccharide may include various carbohydrates, e.g., mannose, N-acetyl glucosamine (GlcNAc), galactose, and sialic acid, as well as a fucose attached to a GlcNAc in the “stem” of the biantennary oligosaccharide structure. In some embodiments, modifications of the oligosaccharide in an antibody of the invention may be made in order to create antibody variants with certain improved properties.

In one embodiment, antibody variants are provided having a carbohydrate structure that lacks fucose attached (directly or indirectly) to an Fc region. For example, the amount of fucose in such antibody may be from 1% to 80%, from 1% to 65%, from 5% to 65% or from 20% to 40%. The amount of fucose is determined by calculating the average amount of fucose within the sugar chain at Asn297, relative to the sum of all glycostructures attached to Asn 297 (e.g. complex, hybrid and high mannose structures) as measured by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, as described in WO 2008/077546, for example. Asn297 refers to the asparagine residue located at about position 297 in the Fc region (Eu numbering of Fc region residues); however, Asn297 may also be located about ±3 amino acids upstream or downstream of position 297, i.e., between positions 294 and 300, due to minor sequence variations in antibodies. Such fucosylation variants may have improved ADCC function. See, e.g., US Patent Publication Nos. US 2003/0157108 (Presta, L.); US 2004/0093621 (Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co., Ltd). In some embodiments, an IgG1 constant region comprising an N297G or N297A mutation substantially lacks effector function. Examples of publications related to “defucosylated” or “fucose-deficient” antibody variants include: US 2003/0157108; WO 2000/61739; WO 2001/29246; US 2003/0115614; US 2002/0164328; US 2004/0093621; US 2004/0132140; US 2004/0110704; US 2004/0110282; US 2004/0109865; WO 2003/085119; WO 2003/084570; WO 2005/035586; WO 2005/035778; WO2005/053742; WO2002/031140; Okazaki et al. J. Mol. Biol. 336:1239-1249 (2004); Yamane-Ohnuki et al. Biotech. Bioeng. 87: 614 (2004). Examples of cell lines capable of producing defucosylated antibodies include Lec13 CHO cells deficient in protein fucosylation (Ripka et al. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 249:533-545 (1986); US Pat Appl No US 2003/0157108 A1, Presta, L; and WO 2004/056312 A1, Adams et al., especially at Example 11), and knockout cell lines, such as alpha-1,6-fucosyltransferase gene, FUT8, knockout CHO cells (see, e.g., Yamane-Ohnuki et al. Biotech. Bioeng. 87: 614 (2004); Kanda, Y. et al., Biotechnol. Bioeng., 94(4):680-688 (2006); and WO2003/085107).

Antibodies variants are further provided with bisected oligosaccharides, e.g., in which a biantennary oligosaccharide attached to the Fc region of the antibody is bisected by GlcNAc. Such antibody variants may have reduced fucosylation and/or improved ADCC function. Examples of such antibody variants are described, e.g., in WO 2003/011878 (Jean-Mairet et al.); U.S. Pat. No. 6,602,684 (Umana et al.); and US 2005/0123546 (Umana et al.). Antibody variants with at least one galactose residue in the oligosaccharide attached to the Fc region are also provided. Such antibody variants may have improved CDC function. Such antibody variants are described, e.g., in WO 1997/30087 (Patel et al.); WO 1998/58964 (Raju, S.); and WO 1999/22764 (Raju, S.).

c) Fc Region Variants

In certain embodiments, one or more amino acid modifications may be introduced into the Fc region of an antibody provided herein, thereby generating an Fc region variant. The Fc region variant may comprise a human Fc region sequence (e.g., a human IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 or IgG4 Fc region) comprising an amino acid modification (e.g. a substitution) at one or more amino acid positions.

In certain embodiments, the invention contemplates an antibody variant that possesses some but not all effector functions, which make it a desirable candidate for applications in which the half life of the antibody in vivo is important yet certain effector functions (such as complement and ADCC) are unnecessary or deleterious. In vitro and/or in vivo cytotoxicity assays can be conducted to confirm the reduction/depletion of CDC and/or ADCC activities. For example, Fc receptor (FcR) binding assays can be conducted to ensure that the antibody lacks FcγR binding (hence likely lacking ADCC activity), but retains FcRn binding ability. The primary cells for mediating ADCC, NK cells, express Fc(RIII only, whereas monocytes express Fc(RI, Fc(RII and Fc(RIII. FcR expression on hematopoietic cells is summarized in Table 3 on page 464 of Ravetch and Kinet, Annu. Rev. Immunol. 9:457-492 (1991). Non-limiting examples of in vitro assays to assess ADCC activity of a molecule of interest is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,500,362 (see, e.g. Hellstrom, I. et al. Proc. Nat'l Acad. Sci. USA 83:7059-7063 (1986)) and Hellstrom, I et al., Proc. Nat'l Acad. Sci. USA 82:1499-1502 (1985); U.S. Pat. No. 5,821,337 (see Bruggemann, M. et al., J. Exp. Med. 166:1351-1361 (1987)). Alternatively, non-radioactive assays methods may be employed (see, for example, ACTI™ non-radioactive cytotoxicity assay for flow cytometry (CellTechnology, Inc. Mountain View, Calif.; and CytoTox 96® non-radioactive cytotoxicity assay (Promega, Madison, Wis.). Useful effector cells for such assays include peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and Natural Killer (NK) cells. Alternatively, or additionally, ADCC activity of the molecule of interest may be assessed in vivo, e.g., in a animal model such as that disclosed in Clynes et al. Proc. Nat'l Acad. Sci. USA 95:652-656 (1998). C1q binding assays may also be carried out to confirm that the antibody is unable to bind C1q and hence lacks CDC activity. See, e.g., C1q and C3c binding ELISA in WO 2006/029879 and WO 2005/100402. To assess complement activation, a CDC assay may be performed (see, for example, Gazzano-Santoro et al., J. Immunol. Methods 202:163 (1996); Cragg, M. S. et al., Blood 101:1045-1052 (2003); and Cragg, M. S. and M. J. Glennie, Blood 103:2738-2743 (2004)). FcRn binding and in vivo clearance/half life determinations can also be performed using methods known in the art (see, e.g., Petkova, S. B. et al., Int'l. Immunol. 18(12):1759-1769 (2006)).

Antibodies with reduced effector function include those with substitution of one or more of Fc region residues 238, 265, 269, 270, 297, 327 and 329 (U.S. Pat. No. 6,737,056). Such Fc mutants include Fc mutants with substitutions at two or more of amino acid positions 265, 269, 270, 297 and 327, including the so-called “DANA” Fc mutant with substitution of residues 265 and 297 to alanine (U.S. Pat. No. 7,332,581).

Certain antibody variants with improved or diminished binding to FcRs are described. (See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,737,056; WO 2004/056312, and Shields et al., J. Biol. Chem. 9(2): 6591-6604 (2001).)

In certain embodiments, an antibody variant comprises an Fc region with one or more amino acid substitutions which improve ADCC, e.g., substitutions at positions 298, 333, and/or 334 of the Fc region (EU numbering of residues).

In some embodiments, alterations are made in the Fc region that result in altered (i.e., either improved or diminished) C1q binding and/or Complement Dependent Cytotoxicity (CDC), e.g., as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,194,551, WO 99/51642, and Idusogie et al. J. Immunol. 164: 4178-4184 (2000).

Antibodies with increased half lives and improved binding to the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn), which is responsible for the transfer of maternal IgGs to the fetus (Guyer et al., J. Immunol. 117:587 (1976) and Kim et al., J. Immunol. 24:249 (1994)), are described in US2005/0014934A1 (Hinton et al.). Those antibodies comprise an Fc region with one or more substitutions therein which improve binding of the Fc region to FcRn. Such Fc variants include those with substitutions at one or more of Fc region residues: 238, 256, 265, 272, 286, 303, 305, 307, 311, 312, 317, 340, 356, 360, 362, 376, 378, 380, 382, 413, 424 or 434, e.g., substitution of Fc region residue 434 (U.S. Pat. No. 7,371,826).

See also Duncan & Winter, Nature 322:738-40 (1988); U.S. Pat. No. 5,648,260; U.S. Pat. No. 5,624,821; and WO 94/29351 concerning other examples of Fc region variants.

d) Cysteine Engineered Antibody Variants

In certain embodiments, it may be desirable to create cysteine engineered antibodies, e.g., THIOMAB antibodies, in which one or more residues of an antibody are substituted with cysteine residues. In particular embodiments, the substituted residues occur at accessible sites of the antibody. By substituting those residues with cysteine, reactive thiol groups are thereby positioned at accessible sites of the antibody and may be used to conjugate the antibody to other moieties, such as drug moieties or linker-drug moieties, to create an immunoconjugate, as described further herein. In certain embodiments, any one or more of the following residues may be substituted with cysteine: V205 (Kabat numbering) of the light chain; A118 (EU numbering) of the heavy chain; and S400 (EU numbering) of the heavy chain Fc region. Cysteine engineered antibodies may be generated as described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. No. 7,521,541.

e) Antibody Derivatives

In certain embodiments, an antibody provided herein may be further modified to contain additional nonproteinaceous moieties that are known in the art and readily available. The moieties suitable for derivatization of the antibody include but are not limited to water soluble polymers. Non-limiting examples of water soluble polymers include, but are not limited to, polyethylene glycol (PEG), copolymers of ethylene glycol/propylene glycol, carboxymethylcellulose, dextran, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, poly-1,3-dioxolane, poly-1,3,6-trioxane, ethylene/maleic anhydride copolymer, polyaminoacids (either homopolymers or random copolymers), and dextran or poly(n-vinyl pyrrolidone)polyethylene glycol, propropylene glycol homopolymers, prolypropylene oxide/ethylene oxide co-polymers, polyoxyethylated polyols (e.g., glycerol), polyvinyl alcohol, and mixtures thereof. Polyethylene glycol propionaldehyde may have advantages in manufacturing due to its stability in water. The polymer may be of any molecular weight, and may be branched or unbranched. The number of polymers attached to the antibody may vary, and if more than one polymer are attached, they can be the same or different molecules. In general, the number and/or type of polymers used for derivatization can be determined based on considerations including, but not limited to, the particular properties or functions of the antibody to be improved, whether the antibody derivative will be used in a therapy under defined conditions, etc.

In another embodiment, conjugates of an antibody and nonproteinaceous moiety that may be selectively heated by exposure to radiation are provided. In one embodiment, the nonproteinaceous moiety is a carbon nanotube (Kam et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102: 11600-11605 (2005)). The radiation may be of any wavelength, and includes, but is not limited to, wavelengths that do not harm ordinary cells, but which heat the nonproteinaceous moiety to a temperature at which cells proximal to the antibody-nonproteinaceous moiety are killed.

C. Recombinant Methods and Compositions

Antibodies may be produced using recombinant methods and compositions, e.g., as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567. In one embodiment, isolated nucleic acid encoding an antibody described herein is provided. Such nucleic acid may encode an amino acid sequence comprising the VL and/or an amino acid sequence comprising the VH of the antibody (e.g., the light and/or heavy chains of the antibody). In a further embodiment, one or more vectors (e.g., expression vectors) comprising such nucleic acid are provided. In a further embodiment, a host cell comprising such nucleic acid is provided. In one such embodiment, a host cell comprises (e.g., has been transformed with): (1) a vector comprising a nucleic acid that encodes an amino acid sequence comprising the VL of the antibody and an amino acid sequence comprising the VH of the antibody, or (2) a first vector comprising a nucleic acid that encodes an amino acid sequence comprising the VL of the antibody and a second vector comprising a nucleic acid that encodes an amino acid sequence comprising the VH of the antibody. In one embodiment, the host cell is eukaryotic, e.g. a Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell or lymphoid cell (e.g., Y0, NS0, Sp20 cell). In one embodiment, a method of making an antibody is provided, wherein the method comprises culturing a host cell comprising a nucleic acid encoding the antibody, as provided above, under conditions suitable for expression of the antibody, and optionally recovering the antibody from the host cell (or host cell culture medium).

For recombinant production of an antibody, nucleic acid encoding an antibody, e.g., as described above, is isolated and inserted into one or more vectors for further cloning and/or expression in a host cell. Such nucleic acid may be readily isolated and sequenced using conventional procedures (e.g., by using oligonucleotide probes that are capable of binding specifically to genes encoding the heavy and light chains of the antibody).

Suitable host cells for cloning or expression of antibody-encoding vectors include prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells described herein. For example, antibodies may be produced in bacteria, in particular when glycosylation and Fc effector function are not needed. For expression of antibody fragments and polypeptides in bacteria, see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,648,237, 5,789,199, and 5,840,523. (See also Charlton, Methods in Molecular Biology, Vol. 248 (B. K. C. Lo, ed., Humana Press, Totowa, N. J., 2003), pp. 245-254, describing expression of antibody fragments in E. coli.) After expression, the antibody may be isolated from the bacterial cell paste in a soluble fraction and can be further purified.

In addition to prokaryotes, eukaryotic microbes such as filamentous fungi or yeast are suitable cloning or expression hosts for antibody-encoding vectors, including fungi and yeast strains whose glycosylation pathways have been “humanized,” resulting in the production of an antibody with a partially or fully human glycosylation pattern. See Gerngross, Nat. Biotech. 22:1409-1414 (2004), and Li et al., Nat. Biotech. 24:210-215 (2006).

Suitable host cells for the expression of glycosylated antibody are also derived from multicellular organisms (invertebrates and vertebrates). Examples of invertebrate cells include plant and insect cells. Numerous baculoviral strains have been identified which may be used in conjunction with insect cells, particularly for transfection of Spodoptera frugiperda cells.

Plant cell cultures can also be utilized as hosts. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,959,177, 6,040,498, 6,420,548, 7,125,978, and 6,417,429 (describing PLANTIBODIES™ technology for producing antibodies in transgenic plants).

Vertebrate cells may also be used as hosts. For example, mammalian cell lines that are adapted to grow in suspension may be useful. Other examples of useful mammalian host cell lines are monkey kidney CV1 line transformed by SV40 (COS-7); human embryonic kidney line (293 or 293 cells as described, e.g., in Graham et al., J. Gen Virol. 36:59 (1977)); baby hamster kidney cells (BHK); mouse sertoli cells (TM4 cells as described, e.g., in Mather, Biol. Reprod. 23:243-251 (1980)); monkey kidney cells (CV1); African green monkey kidney cells (VERO-76); human cervical carcinoma cells (HELA); canine kidney cells (MDCK; buffalo rat liver cells (BRL 3A); human lung cells (W138); human liver cells (Hep G2); mouse mammary tumor (MMT 060562); TRI cells, as described, e.g., in Mather et al., Annals N.Y. Acad. Sci. 383:44-68 (1982); MRC 5 cells; and FS4 cells. Other useful mammalian host cell lines include Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, including DHFR⁻ CHO cells (Urlaub et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77:4216 (1980)); and myeloma cell lines such as Y0, NS0 and Sp2/0. For a review of certain mammalian host cell lines suitable for antibody production, see, e.g., Yazaki and Wu, Methods in Molecular Biology, Vol. 248 (B. K. C. Lo, ed., Humana Press, Totowa, N.J.), pp. 255-268 (2003).

D. Assays

Antibodies provided herein may be identified, screened for, or characterized for their physical/chemical properties and/or biological activities by various assays known in the art.

1. Binding Assays and Other Assays

In one aspect, an antibody of the invention is tested for its antigen binding activity, e.g., by known methods such as ELISA, Western blot, etc.

In another aspect, competition assays may be used to identify an antibody that competes with any of the antibodies described herein for binding to human antigen. In certain embodiments, such a competing antibody binds to the same epitope that is bound by an antibody described herein.

Detailed exemplary methods for mapping an epitope to which an antibody binds are provided in Morris (1996) “Epitope Mapping Protocols,” in Methods in Molecular Biology vol. 66 (Humana Press, Totowa, N.J.).

In an exemplary competition assay, immobilized antigen is incubated in a solution comprising a first labeled antibody that binds to the antigen and a second unlabeled antibody that is being tested for its ability to compete with the first antibody for binding to the antigen. The second antibody may be present in a hybridoma supernatant. As a control, immobilized antigen is incubated in a solution comprising the first labeled antibody but not the second unlabeled antibody. After incubation under conditions permissive for binding of the first antibody to antigen, excess unbound antibody is removed, and the amount of label associated with immobilized antigen is measured. If the amount of label associated with immobilized antigen is substantially reduced in the test sample relative to the control sample, then that indicates that the second antibody is competing with the first antibody for binding to antigen. See Harlow and Lane (1988) Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual ch. 14 (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.).

2. Activity Assays

In one aspect, assays are provided for identifying antibodies having biological activity. Biological activity may include, e.g., inhibition of the Notch pathway or inhibition of the Wnt pathway. In certain other embodiments, an antibody of the invention is tested for its ability to inhibit expression of a reporter gene that is responsive to the Notch pathway and/or the Wnt pathway. Nonlimiting exemplary assays are provided in the Examples. In certain embodiments, an antibody of the invention is tested for such biological activity. Antibodies having such biological activity in vivo and/or in vitro are also provided.

E. Immunoconjugates

The invention also provides immunoconjugates comprising an antibody herein conjugated to one or more cytotoxic agents, such as chemotherapeutic agents or drugs, growth inhibitory agents, toxins (e.g., protein toxins, enzymatically active toxins of bacterial, fungal, plant, or animal origin, or fragments thereof), or radioactive isotopes.

In one embodiment, an immunoconjugate is an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) in which an antibody is conjugated to one or more drugs, including but not limited to a maytansinoid (see U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,208,020, 5,416,064 and European Patent EP 0 425 235 B1); an auristatin such as monomethylauristatin drug moieties DE and DF (MMAE and MMAF) (see U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,635,483 and 5,780,588, and 7,498,298); a dolastatin; a calicheamicin or derivative thereof (see U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,712,374, 5,714,586, 5,739,116, 5,767,285, 5,770,701, 5,770,710, 5,773,001, and 5,877,296; Hinman et al., Cancer Res. 53:3336-3342 (1993); and Lode et al., Cancer Res. 58:2925-2928 (1998)); an anthracycline such as daunomycin or doxorubicin (see Kratz et al., Current Med. Chem. 13:477-523 (2006); Jeffrey et al., Bioorganic & Med. Chem. Letters 16:358-362 (2006); Torgov et al., Bioconj. Chem. 16:717-721 (2005); Nagy et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97:829-834 (2000); Dubowchik et al., Bioorg. & Med. Chem. Letters 12:1529-1532 (2002); King et al., J. Med. Chem. 45:4336-4343 (2002); and U.S. Pat. No. 6,630,579); methotrexate; vindesine; a taxane such as docetaxel, paclitaxel, larotaxel, tesetaxel, and ortataxel; a trichothecene; and CC1065.

In another embodiment, an immunoconjugate comprises an antibody as described herein conjugated to an enzymatically active toxin or fragment thereof, including but not limited to diphtheria A chain, nonbinding active fragments of diphtheria toxin, exotoxin A chain (from Pseudomonas aeruginosa), ricin A chain, abrin A chain, modeccin A chain, alpha-sarcin, Aleurites fordii proteins, dianthin proteins, Phytolaca americana proteins (PAPI, PAM, and PAP-S), momordica charantia inhibitor, curcin, crotin, sapaonaria officinalis inhibitor, gelonin, mitogellin, restrictocin, phenomycin, enomycin, and the tricothecenes.

In another embodiment, an immunoconjugate comprises an antibody as described herein conjugated to a radioactive atom to form a radioconjugate. A variety of radioactive isotopes are available for the production of radioconjugates. Examples include At²¹¹, I¹³¹, I¹²⁵, Y⁹⁰, Re¹⁸⁶, Re¹⁸⁸, Sm¹⁵³, Bi²¹², P³², Pb²¹² and radioactive isotopes of Lu. When the radioconjugate is used for detection, it may comprise a radioactive atom for scintigraphic studies, for example tc99m or I123, or a spin label for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging (also known as magnetic resonance imaging, mri), such as iodine-123 again, iodine-131, indium-111, fluorine-19, carbon-13, nitrogen-15, oxygen-17, gadolinium, manganese or iron.

Conjugates of an antibody and cytotoxic agent may be made using a variety of bifunctional protein coupling agents such as N-succinimidyl-3-(2-pyridyldithio) propionate (SPDP), succinimidyl-4-(N-maleimidomethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (SMCC), iminothiolane (IT), bifunctional derivatives of imidoesters (such as dimethyl adipimidate HCl), active esters (such as disuccinimidyl suberate), aldehydes (such as glutaraldehyde), bis-azido compounds (such as bis(p-azidobenzoyl) hexanediamine), bis-diazonium derivatives (such as bis-(p-diazoniumbenzoyl)-ethylenediamine), diisocyanates (such as toluene 2,6-diisocyanate), and bis-active fluorine compounds (such as 1,5-difluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene). For example, a ricin immunotoxin can be prepared as described in Vitetta et al., Science 238:1098 (1987). Carbon-14-labeled 1-isothiocyanatobenzyl-3-methyldiethylene triaminepentaacetic acid (MX-DTPA) is an exemplary chelating agent for conjugation of radionucleotide to the antibody. See WO94/11026. The linker may be a “cleavable linker” facilitating release of a cytotoxic drug in the cell. For example, an acid-labile linker, peptidase-sensitive linker, photolabile linker, dimethyl linker or disulfide-containing linker (Chari et al., Cancer Res. 52:127-131 (1992); U.S. Pat. No. 5,208,020) may be used.

The immunuoconjugates or ADCs herein expressly contemplate, but are not limited to such conjugates prepared with cross-linker reagents including, but not limited to, BMPS, EMCS, GMBS, HBVS, LC-SMCC, MBS, MPBH, SBAP, SIA, SIAB, SMCC, SMPB, SMPH, sulfo-EMCS, sulfo-GMBS, sulfo-KMUS, sulfo-MBS, sulfo-SIAB, sulfo-SMCC, and sulfo-SMPB, and SVSB (succinimidyl-(4-vinylsulfone)benzoate) which are commercially available (e.g., from Pierce Biotechnology, Inc., Rockford, Ill., U.S.A).

F. Methods and Compositions for Diagnostics and Detection

In certain embodiments, any of the antibodies provided herein is useful for detecting the presence of its respective antigen in a biological sample. The term “detecting” as used herein encompasses quantitative or qualitative detection. In certain embodiments, a biological sample comprises a cell or tissue, such as cancerous tissues.

In one embodiment, an antibody for use in a method of diagnosis or detection is provided. In a further aspect, a method of detecting the presence of an antigen in a biological sample is provided. In certain embodiments, the method comprises contacting the biological sample with an antibody as described herein under conditions permissive for binding of the antibody to its antigen, and detecting whether a complex is formed between the antibody and antigen. Such method may be an in vitro or in vivo method. In one embodiment, an anti-antibody is used to select subjects eligible for therapy with the antibody, e.g. where the antigen is a biomarker for selection of patients.

Exemplary disorders that may be diagnosed using an antibody of the invention include cancer, e.g., breast cancer, lung cancer, brain cancer, cervical cancer, colon cancer, liver cancer, bile duct cancer, pancreatic cancer, skin cancer, B-cell malignancies, and T-cell malignancies.

In certain embodiments, labeled antibodies are provided. Labels include, but are not limited to, labels or moieties that are detected directly (such as fluorescent, chromophoric, electron-dense, chemiluminescent, and radioactive labels), as well as moieties, such as enzymes or ligands, that are detected indirectly, e.g., through an enzymatic reaction or molecular interaction. Exemplary labels include, but are not limited to, the radioisotopes ³²P, ¹⁴C, ¹²⁵I, ³H, and ¹³¹I, fluorophores such as rare earth chelates or fluorescein and its derivatives, rhodamine and its derivatives, dansyl, umbelliferone, luceriferases, e.g., firefly luciferase and bacterial luciferase (U.S. Pat. No. 4,737,456), luciferin, 2,3-dihydrophthalazinediones, horseradish peroxidase (HRP), alkaline phosphatase, β-galactosidase, glucoamylase, lysozyme, saccharide oxidases, e.g., glucose oxidase, galactose oxidase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, heterocyclic oxidases such as uricase and xanthine oxidase, coupled with an enzyme that employs hydrogen peroxide to oxidize a dye precursor such as HRP, lactoperoxidase, or microperoxidase, biotin/avidin, spin labels, bacteriophage labels, stable free radicals, and the like.

G. Pharmaceutical Formulations

Pharmaceutical formulations of an antibody as described herein are prepared by mixing such antibody having the desired degree of purity with one or more optional pharmaceutically acceptable carriers (Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences 16th edition, Osol, A. Ed. (1980)), in the form of lyophilized formulations or aqueous solutions. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are generally nontoxic to recipients at the dosages and concentrations employed, and include, but are not limited to: buffers such as phosphate, citrate, and other organic acids; antioxidants including ascorbic acid and methionine; preservatives (such as octadecyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride; hexamethonium chloride; benzalkonium chloride; benzethonium chloride; phenol, butyl or benzyl alcohol; alkyl parabens such as methyl or propyl paraben; catechol; resorcinol; cyclohexanol; 3-pentanol; and m-cresol); low molecular weight (less than about 10 residues) polypeptides; proteins, such as serum albumin, gelatin, or immunoglobulins; hydrophilic polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone; amino acids such as glycine, glutamine, asparagine, histidine, arginine, or lysine; monosaccharides, disaccharides, and other carbohydrates including glucose, mannose, or dextrins; chelating agents such as EDTA; sugars such as sucrose, mannitol, trehalose or sorbitol; salt-forming counter-ions such as sodium; metal complexes (e.g. Zn-protein complexes); and/or non-ionic surfactants such as polyethylene glycol (PEG). Exemplary pharmaceutically acceptable carriers herein further include interstitial drug dispersion agents such as soluble neutral-active hyaluronidase glycoproteins (sHASEGP), for example, human soluble PH-20 hyaluronidase glycoproteins, such as rHuPH20 (HYLENEX®, Baxter International, Inc.). Certain exemplary sHASEGPs and methods of use, including rHuPH20, are described in US Patent Publication Nos. 2005/0260186 and 2006/0104968. In one aspect, a sHASEGP is combined with one or more additional glycosaminoglycanases such as chondroitinases.

Exemplary lyophilized antibody formulations are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,267,958. Aqueous antibody formulations include those described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,171,586 and WO2006/044908, the latter formulations including a histidine-acetate buffer.

The formulation herein may also contain more than one active ingredients as necessary for the particular indication being treated, preferably those with complementary activities that do not adversely affect each other. For example, it may be desirable to further provide a cytotoxic agent, e.g., a chemotherapeutic agent. Such active ingredients are suitably present in combination in amounts that are effective for the purpose intended.

Active ingredients may be entrapped in microcapsules prepared, for example, by coacervation techniques or by interfacial polymerization, for example, hydroxymethylcellulose or gelatin-microcapsules and poly-(methylmethacylate) microcapsules, respectively, in colloidal drug delivery systems (for example, liposomes, albumin microspheres, microemulsions, nano-particles and nanocapsules) or in macroemulsions. Such techniques are disclosed in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences 16th edition, Osol, A. Ed. (1980).

Sustained-release preparations may be prepared. Suitable examples of sustained-release preparations include semipermeable matrices of solid hydrophobic polymers containing the antibody, which matrices are in the form of shaped articles, e.g. films, or microcapsules.

The formulations to be used for in vivo administration are generally sterile. Sterility may be readily accomplished, e.g., by filtration through sterile filtration membranes.

H. Therapeutic Methods and Compositions

Methods of alleviating the toxicity associated with Notch pathway inhibition are provided. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering at least one Wnt pathway inhibitor before, during, or after treatment with at least one Notch pathway inhibitor.

In one aspect, Notch pathway inhibitors and Wnt pathway inhibitors for use as medicaments are provided. In further aspects, Notch pathway inhibitors and Wnt pathway inhibitors for use in treating a disease or disorder associated with aberrant Notch signaling, e.g., cancer, are provided. In certain embodiments, Notch pathway inhibitors and Wnt pathway inhibitors for use in methods of treatment are provided. In certain embodiments, Notch pathway inhibitors and Wnt pathway inhibitors for use in methods of treating Notch-mediated disorders are provided. In certain embodiments, the invention provides Notch pathway inhibitors and Wnt pathway inhibitors for use in a method of treating an individual having a cancer comprising administering to the individual an effective amount of a Notch pathway inhibitor and an effective amount of a Wnt pathway inhibitor. In further embodiments, the invention provides Notch pathway inhibitors and Wnt pathway inhibitors for use in inhibiting lung cancer growth. In certain embodiments, the invention provides an Notch pathway inhibitors and Wnt pathway inhibitors for use in a method of reducing lung cancer growth in an individual comprising administering to the individual an effective of at least one Notch pathway inhibitor and an effective amount of at least one Wnt pathway inhibitor to reduce lung cancer growth with less toxicity than with the at least one Notch pathway inhibitor alone. In certain embodiments, the invention provides Notch pathway inhibitors and Wnt pathway inhibitors for use in methods of reducing breast cancer growth in an individual comprising administering to the individual an effective of at least one Notch pathway inhibitor and an effective amount of at least one Wnt pathway inhibitor to reduce breast cancer growth with less toxicity than with the at least one Notch pathway inhibitor alone. An “individual” according to any of the above embodiments is preferably a human.

In some embodiments, the method comprises administering an anti-Notch antibody, including but not limited to, an anti-Notch antibody described herein, and an anti-LRP antibody, including but not limited to, an anti-LRP antibody described herein. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering an anti-Notch antibody, including but not limited to, an anti-Notch antibody described herein, and an anti-Fzd antibody, including but not limited to, an anti-Fzd antibody described herein. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering an anti-Notch antibody, including but not limited to, an anti-Notch antibody described herein, and an anti-Wnt antibody, including but not limited to, an anti-Wnt antibody described herein. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering an anti-Notch antibody, including but not limited to, an anti-Notch antibody described herein, and an anti-RSPO antibody, including but not limited to, an anti-RSPO antibody described herein. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering an anti-Notch antibody, including but not limited to, an anti-Notch antibody described herein, and a soluble Frizzled receptor, including but not limited to, a soluble Frizzled receptor described herein. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering an anti-Notch antibody, including but not limited to, an anti-Notch antibody described herein, and a small molecule Wnt pathway inhibitor, including but not limited to, a small molecule Wnt pathway inhibitor described herein.

In some embodiments, the method comprises administering an anti-Jagged antibody, including but not limited to, an anti-Jagged antibody described herein, and an anti-LRP antibody, including but not limited to, an anti-LRP antibody described herein. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering an anti-Jagged antibody, including but not limited to, an anti-Jagged antibody described herein, and an anti-Fzd antibody, including but not limited to, an anti-Fzd antibody described herein. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering an anti-Jagged antibody, including but not limited to, an anti-Jagged antibody described herein, and an anti-Wnt antibody, including but not limited to, an anti-Wnt antibody described herein. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering an anti-Jagged antibody, including but not limited to, an anti-Jagged antibody described herein, and a soluble Frizzled receptor, including but not limited to, a soluble Frizzled receptor described herein. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering an anti-Jagged antibody, including but not limited to, an anti-Jagged antibody described herein, and a small molecule Wnt pathway inhibitor, including but not limited to, a small molecule Wnt pathway inhibitor described herein.

In some embodiments, the method comprises administering an anti-DLL antibody, including but not limited to, an anti-DLL antibody described herein, and an anti-LRP antibody, including but not limited to, an anti-LRP antibody described herein. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering an anti-DLL antibody, including but not limited to, an anti-DLL antibody described herein, and an anti-Fzd antibody, including but not limited to, an anti-Fzd antibody described herein. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering an anti-DLL antibody, including but not limited to, an anti-DLL antibody described herein, and an anti-Wnt antibody, including but not limited to, an anti-Wnt antibody described herein. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering an anti-DLL antibody, including but not limited to, an anti-DLL antibody described herein, and a soluble Frizzled receptor, including but not limited to, a soluble Frizzled receptor described herein. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering an anti-DLL antibody, including but not limited to, an anti-DLL antibody described herein, and a small molecule Wnt pathway inhibitor, including but not limited to, a small molecule Wnt pathway inhibitor described herein.

In some embodiments, the method comprises administering a gamma secretase inhibitor, including but not limited to, a gamma secretase inhibitor described herein, and an anti-LRP antibody, including but not limited to, an anti-LRP antibody described herein. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering a gamma secretase inhibitor, including but not limited to, a gamma secretase inhibitor described herein, and an anti-Fzd antibody, including but not limited to, an anti-Fzd antibody described herein. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering a gamma secretase inhibitor, including but not limited to, a gamma secretase inhibitor described herein, and an anti-Wnt antibody, including but not limited to, an anti-Wnt antibody described herein. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering a gamma secretase inhibitor, including but not limited to, a gamma secretase inhibitor described herein, and a soluble Frizzled receptor, including but not limited to, a soluble Frizzled receptor described herein. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering a gamma secretase inhibitor, including but not limited to, a gamma secretase inhibitor described herein, and a small molecule Wnt pathway inhibitor, including but not limited to, a small molecule Wnt pathway inhibitor described herein.

In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to an individual an effective amount of an anti-Notch antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of an antibody selected from A-2, D-3, and 256A-4 and an effective amount of a Wnt pathway inhibitor, including but not limited to, a Wnt pathway inhibitor described herein. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to an individual an effective amount of an anti-Notch antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of an antibody selected from A-2, D-3, and 256A-4 and an effective amount of an anti-LRP antibody or bispecific antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of an antibody selected from YW211.31.62 and/or YW210.09. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to an individual an effective amount of an anti-Notch antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of an antibody selected from A-2, D-3, and 256A-4 and an effective amount of an anti-LRP antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of P6C.51.61. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to an individual an effective amount of an anti-Notch antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of an antibody selected from A-2, D-3, and 256A-4 and an effective amount of a soluble Fzd8 receptor, such as FZD8CRD.

In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to an individual an effective amount of an anti-Notch antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of 59R5 and an effective amount of a Wnt pathway inhibitor, including but not limited to, a Wnt pathway inhibitor described herein. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to an individual an effective amount of an anti-Notch antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of 59R5 and an effective amount of an anti-Frizzled antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of 18R5. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to an individual an effective amount of an anti-Notch antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of 59R5 and an effective amount of an anti-RSPO antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of an antibody selected from 13R10, 13R102, 13R103, 89M5, and 130M23. In any of the embodiments described herein, the method may comprise administering to an individual an effective amount of an anti-Notch antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of 59R5 and an effective amount of soluble Frizzled receptor 54F28. In any of the embodiments described herein, the method may comprise administering to an individual an effective amount of an anti-Notch antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of 59R5 and an effective amount of an anti-LRP antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of 7E5C8.

In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to an individual an effective amount of an anti-Notch antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of 52M51 and an effective amount of a Wnt pathway inhibitor, including but not limited to, a Wnt pathway inhibitor described herein. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to an individual an effective amount of an anti-Notch antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of 52M51 and an effective amount of an anti-Frizzled antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of 18R5. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to an individual an effective amount of an anti-Notch antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of 52M51 and an effective amount of an anti-RSPO antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of an antibody selected from 13R10, 13R102, 13R103, 89M5, and 130M23. In any of the embodiments described herein, the method may comprise administering to an individual an effective amount of an anti-Notch antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of 52M51 and an effective amount of soluble Frizzled receptor 54F28. In any of the embodiments described herein, the method may comprise administering to an individual an effective amount of an anti-Notch antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of 52M51 and an effective amount of an anti-LRP antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of 7E5C8.

In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to an individual an effective amount of an anti-Notch antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of N248A and an effective amount of a Wnt pathway inhibitor, including but not limited to, a Wnt pathway inhibitor described herein.

In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to an individual an effective amount of an anti-Jagged antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of an antibody selected from A-2, B-3, and C-1 and an effective amount of a Wnt pathway inhibitor, including but not limited to, a Wnt pathway inhibitor described herein. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to an individual an effective amount of an anti-Jagged antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of an antibody selected from A-2, B-3, and C-1 and an effective amount of an anti-LRP antibody or bispecific antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of an antibody selected from YW211.31.62 and/or YW210.09. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to an individual an effective amount of an anti-Jagged antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of an antibody selected from A-2, B-3, and C-1 and an effective amount of an anti-LRP antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of P6C.51.61. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to an individual an effective amount of an anti-Jagged antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of an antibody selected from A-2, B-3, and C-1 and an effective amount of a soluble Fzd8 receptor, such as FZD8CRD.

In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to an individual an effective amount of an anti-Jagged antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of an antibody selected from anti-Jagged antibody 64R7, anti-Jagged antibody 64M14, anti-Jagged antibody 133R0201, anti-Jagged antibody 133R0203, anti-Jagged antibody 133R0205, anti-Jagged antibody 64M51, and anti-Jagged antibody 64R1B and an effective amount of a Wnt pathway inhibitor, including but not limited to, a Wnt pathway inhibitor described herein. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to an individual an effective amount of anti-Jagged antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of an antibody selected from anti-Jagged antibody 64R7, anti-Jagged antibody 64M14, anti-Jagged antibody 133R0201, anti-Jagged antibody 133R0203, anti-Jagged antibody 133R0205, anti-Jagged antibody 64M51, and anti-Jagged antibody 64R1B, and an effective amount of an anti-Frizzled antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of 18R5. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to an individual an effective amount of anti-Jagged antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of an antibody selected from anti-Jagged antibody 64R7, anti-Jagged antibody 64M14, anti-Jagged antibody 133R0201, anti-Jagged antibody 133R0203, anti-Jagged antibody 133R0205, anti-Jagged antibody 64M51, and anti-Jagged antibody 64R1B, and an effective amount of an anti-RSPO antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of an antibody selected from 13R10, 13R102, 13R103, 89M5, and 130M23. In any of the embodiments described herein, the method may comprise administering to an individual an effective amount of anti-Jagged antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of an antibody selected from anti-Jagged antibody 64R7, anti-Jagged antibody 64M14, anti-Jagged antibody 133R0201, anti-Jagged antibody 133R0203, anti-Jagged antibody 133R0205, anti-Jagged antibody 64M51, and anti-Jagged antibody 64R1B, and an effective amount of soluble Frizzled receptor 54F28. In any of the embodiments described herein, the method may comprise administering to an individual an effective amount of an anti-Jagged antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of an antibody selected from anti-Jagged antibody 64R7, anti-Jagged antibody 64M14, anti-Jagged antibody 133R0201, anti-Jagged antibody 133R0203, anti-Jagged antibody 133R0205, anti-Jagged antibody 64M51, and anti-Jagged antibody 64R1B, and an effective amount of an anti-LRP antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of 7E5C8.

In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to an individual an effective amount of an anti-Jagged antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of 4D11 or 5342-1204-4D11 and an effective amount of a Wnt pathway inhibitor, including but not limited to, a Wnt pathway inhibitor described herein.

In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to an individual an effective amount of an anti-DLL antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of YW26.82 and an effective amount of a Wnt pathway inhibitor, including but not limited to, a Wnt pathway inhibitor described herein. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to an individual an effective amount of an anti-DLL antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of YW26.82 and an effective amount of an anti-LRP antibody or bispecific antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of an antibody selected from YW211.31.62 and/or YW210.09. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to an individual an effective amount of an anti-DLL antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of YW26.82 and an effective amount of an anti-LRP antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of P6C.51.61. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to an individual an effective amount of an anti-DLL antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of YW26.82 and an effective amount of a soluble Fzd8 receptor, such as FZD8CRD.

In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to an individual an effective amount of an anti-DLL antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of an antibody selected from 21M18, 305B83, 219R45-MB-21M18, or 219R45-MB-21R83 and an effective amount of a Wnt pathway inhibitor, including but not limited to, a Wnt pathway inhibitor described herein. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to an individual an effective amount of an anti-DLL antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of an antibody selected from 21M18, 305B83, 219R45-MB-21M18, or 219R45-MB-21R83 and an effective amount of an anti-Frizzled antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of 18R5. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to an individual an effective amount of an anti-DLL antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of an antibody selected from 21M18, 305B83, 219R45-MB-21M18, or 219R45-MB-21R83 and an effective amount of an anti-RSPO antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of an antibody selected from 13R10, 13R102, 13R103, 89M5, and 130M23. In any of the embodiments described herein, the method may comprise administering to an individual an effective amount of an anti-DLL antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of an antibody selected from 21M18, 305B83, 219R45-MB-21M18, or 219R45-MB-21R83 and an effective amount of soluble Frizzled receptor 54F28. In any of the embodiments described herein, the method may comprise administering to an individual an effective amount of an anti-DLL antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of an antibody selected from 21M18, 305B83, 219R45-MB-21M18, or 219R45-MB-21R83 and an effective amount of an anti-LRP antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of 7E5C8.

In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to an individual an effective amount of a Notch pathway inhibitor, including but not limited to, a Notch pathway inhibitor described herein and an effective amount of an anti-LRP antibody or bispecific antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of an antibody selected from YW211.31.62 and/or YW210.09. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to an individual an effective amount of a Notch pathway inhibitor, including but not limited to, a Notch pathway inhibitor described herein and an effective amount of a biparatropic antibody described in U.S. Publication No. 2013/0064823. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to an individual an effective amount of a Notch pathway inhibitor, including but not limited to, a Notch pathway inhibitor described herein and an effective amount of an anti-LRP antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of P6C.51.61.

In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to an individual an effective amount of a Notch pathway inhibitor, including but not limited to, a Notch pathway inhibitor described herein and an effective amount of an anti-Frizzled antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of 18R5. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to an individual an effective amount of a Notch pathway inhibitor, including but not limited to, a Notch pathway inhibitor described herein and an effective amount of an anti-Frizzled antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of B9L9.3.

In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to an individual an effective amount of a Notch pathway inhibitor, including but not limited to, a Notch pathway inhibitor described herein and an effective amount of an anti-Wnt antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of an anti-Wnt antibody described in U.S. Publication No. 2013/0045209.

In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to an individual an effective amount of a Notch pathway inhibitor, including but not limited to, a Notch pathway inhibitor described herein and an effective amount of soluble Frizzled 54F28. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to an individual an effective amount of a Notch pathway inhibitor, including but not limited to, a Notch pathway inhibitor described herein and an effective amount of a soluble Fzd8 receptor, such as FZD8CRD.

In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to an individual an effective amount of a Notch pathway inhibitor, including but not limited to, a Notch pathway inhibitor described herein and an effective amount of a Wnt pathway inhibitor selected from LGK974, AVN316, and PRI-724.

In some embodiments, methods of alleviating the toxicity associated with Notch pathway inhibition are provided. Nonlimiting examples of such toxicity include secretory metaplasia, diarrhea, gastrointestinal bleeding, liver toxicity (including, but not limited to, sinusoidal dilation, centrilobular hepatocyte atrophy, bile ductula proliferation, and elevated alanine aminotransferase), lung toxicity (including, but not limited to, necrotic lesions), heart toxicity (including, but not limited to, necrotic lesions), subcutaneous tumors, and thymic atrophy. See, e.g., van Es et al., 2005, Nature 435: 959-963; Yan et al., 2010, Nature 463: E6-7. In some embodiments, the toxicity is diarrhea.

In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to an individual who has received, is receiving, or is going to receive at least one a Notch pathway inhibitor, at least one Wnt pathway inhibitor. The at least one Wnt pathway inhibitor may be administered prior to administration of the at least one Notch pathway inhibitor, at the same time as administration of the at least one Notch pathway inhibitor, or after administration of the at least one Notch pathway inhibitor.

In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to an individual who has received, is receiving, or is going to receive an anti-Notch antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of an antibody selected from A-2, D-3, and 256A-4, an effective amount of a Wnt pathway inhibitor, including but not limited to a Wnt pathway inhibitor described herein. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to an individual who has received, is receiving, or is going to receive an anti-Notch antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of an antibody selected from A-2, D-3, and 256A-4, an effective amount of an anti-LRP antibody or bispecific antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of an antibody selected from YW211.31.62 and/or YW210.09. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to an individual who has received, is receiving, or is going to receive an anti-Notch antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of an antibody selected from A-2, D-3, and 256A-4, an effective amount of an anti-LRP antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of P6C.51.61. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to an individual who has received, is receiving, or is going to receive an anti-Notch antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of an antibody selected from A-2, D-3, and 256A-4, an effective amount of a soluble Fzd8 receptor, such as FZD8CRD.

In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to an individual who has received, is receiving, or is going to receive anti-Notch antibody 59R5, an effective amount of a Wnt pathway inhibitor, including but not limited to a Wnt pathway inhibitor described herein. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to an individual who has received, is receiving, or is going to receive anti-Notch antibody 59R5, an effective amount of anti-Frizzled antibody 18R5. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to an individual who has received, is receiving, or is going to receive anti-Notch antibody 59R5, an effective amount of an anti-RSPO antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of an antibody selected from 13R10, 13R102, 13R103, 89M5, and 130M23. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to an individual who has received, is receiving, or is going to receive anti-Notch antibody 59R5, an effective amount of soluble Frizzled receptor 54F28. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to an individual who has received, is receiving, or is going to receive anti-Notch antibody 59R5, an effective amount of anti-LRP antibody 7E5C8.

In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to an individual who has received, is receiving, or is going to receive anti-Notch antibody 52M51, an effective amount of a Wnt pathway inhibitor, including but not limited to a Wnt pathway inhibitor described herein. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to an individual who has received, is receiving, or is going to receive anti-Notch antibody 52M51, an effective amount of anti-Frizzled antibody 18R5. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to an individual who has received, is receiving, or is going to receive anti-Notch antibody 52M51, an effective amount of an anti-RSPO antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of an antibody selected from 13R10, 13R102, 13R103, 89M5, and 130M23. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to an individual who has received, is receiving, or is going to receive anti-Notch antibody 52M51, an effective amount of soluble Frizzled receptor 54F28. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to an individual who has received, is receiving, or is going to receive anti-Notch antibody 52M51, an effective amount of anti-LRP antibody 7E5C8.

In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to an individual who has received, is receiving, or is going to receive an anti-Notch antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of N248A, an effective amount of a Wnt pathway inhibitor, including but not limited to, a Wnt pathway inhibitor described herein.

In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to an individual who has received, is receiving, or is going to receive an anti-Jagged antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of an antibody selected from A-2, B-3, and C-1, an effective amount of a Wnt pathway inhibitor, including but not limited to, a Wnt pathway inhibitor described herein. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to an individual who has received, is receiving, or is going to receive an anti-Jagged antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of an antibody selected from A-2, B-3, and C-1, an effective amount of an anti-LRP antibody or bispecific antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of an antibody selected from YW211.31.62 and/or YW210.09. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to an individual who has received, is receiving, or is going to receive an anti-Jagged antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of an antibody selected from A-2, B-3, and C-1, an effective amount of an anti-LRP antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of P6C.51.61. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to an individual who has received, is receiving, or is going to receive an anti-Jagged antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of an antibody selected from A-2, B-3, and C-1, an effective amount of a soluble Fzd8 receptor, such as FZD8CRD.

In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to an individual who has received, is receiving, or is going to receive an anti-Jagged antibody selected from anti-Jagged antibody 64R7, anti-Jagged antibody 64M14, anti-Jagged antibody 133R0201, anti-Jagged antibody 133R0203, anti-Jagged antibody 133R0205, anti-Jagged antibody 64M51, and anti-Jagged antibody 64R1B, an effective amount of a Wnt pathway inhibitor, including but not limited to a Wnt pathway inhibitor described herein. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to an individual who has received, is receiving, or is going to receive an anti-Jagged antibody selected from anti-Jagged antibody 64R7, anti-Jagged antibody 64M14, anti-Jagged antibody 133R0201, anti-Jagged antibody 133R0203, anti-Jagged antibody 133R0205, anti-Jagged antibody 64M51, and anti-Jagged antibody 64R1B; an effective amount of anti-Frizzled antibody 18R5. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to an individual who has received, is receiving, or is going to receive an anti-Jagged antibody selected from anti-Jagged antibody 64R7, anti-Jagged antibody 64M14, anti-Jagged antibody 133R0201, anti-Jagged antibody 133R0203, anti-Jagged antibody 133R0205, anti-Jagged antibody 64M51, and anti-Jagged antibody 64R1B; an effective amount of an anti-RSPO antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of an antibody selected from 13R10, 13R102, 13R103, 89M5, and 130M23. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to an individual who has received, is receiving, or is going to receive anti-Jagged antibody selected from anti-Jagged antibody 64R7, anti-Jagged antibody 64M14, anti-Jagged antibody 133R0201, anti-Jagged antibody 133R0203, anti-Jagged antibody 133R0205, anti-Jagged antibody 64M51, and anti-Jagged antibody 64R1B; an effective amount of soluble Frizzled receptor 54F28. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to an individual who has received, is receiving, or is going to receive anti-Jagged antibody selected from anti-Jagged antibody 64R7, anti-Jagged antibody 64M14, anti-Jagged antibody 133R0201, anti-Jagged antibody 133R0203, anti-Jagged antibody 133R0205, anti-Jagged antibody 64M51, and anti-Jagged antibody 64R1B; an effective amount of anti-LRP antibody 7E5C8.

In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to an individual who has received, is receiving, or is going to receive an anti-Jagged antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of 4D11 or 5342-1204-4D11, an effective amount of a Wnt pathway inhibitor, including but not limited to, a Wnt pathway inhibitor described herein.

In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to an individual who has received, is receiving, or is going to receive an anti-DLL antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of YW26.82, an effective amount of a Wnt pathway inhibitor, including but not limited to, a Wnt pathway inhibitor described herein. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to an individual who has received, is receiving, or is going to receive an anti-DLL antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of YW26.82, an effective amount of an anti-LRP antibody or bispecific antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of an antibody selected from YW211.31.62 and/or YW210.09. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to an individual who has received, is receiving, or is going to receive an anti-DLL antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of YW26.82, an effective amount of an anti-LRP antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of P6C.51.61. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to an individual who has received, is receiving, or is going to receive an anti-DLL antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of YW26.82, an effective amount of a soluble Fzd8 receptor, such as FZD8CRD.

In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to an individual who has received, is receiving, or is going to receive an anti-DLL antibody selected from 21M18, 305B83, 219R45-MB-21M18, and 219R45-MB-21R83, an effective amount of a Wnt pathway inhibitor, including but not limited to a Wnt pathway inhibitor described herein. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to an individual who has received, is receiving, or is going to receive an anti-DLL antibody selected from 21M18, 305B83, 219R45-MB-21M18, and 219R45-MB-21R83, an effective amount of anti-Frizzled antibody 18R5. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to an individual who has received, is receiving, or is going to receive an anti-DLL antibody selected from 21M18, 305B83, 219R45-MB-21M18, and 219R45-MB-21R83, an effective amount of soluble Frizzled receptor 54F28. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to an individual who has received, is receiving, or is going to receive an anti-DLL antibody selected from 21M18, 305B83, 219R45-MB-21M18, and 219R45-MB-21R83, an effective amount of anti-LRP antibody 7E5C8.

In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to an individual who has received, is receiving, or is going to receive a Notch pathway inhibitor, including but not limited to, a Notch pathway inhibitor described herein, an effective amount of an anti-LRP antibody or bispecific antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of an antibody selected from YW211.31.62 and/or YW210.09. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to an individual who has received, is receiving, or is going to receive a Notch pathway inhibitor, including but not limited to, a Notch pathway inhibitor described herein, an effective amount of a biparatropic antibody described in U.S. Publication No. 2013/0064823. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to an individual who has received, is receiving, or is going to receive a Notch pathway inhibitor, including but not limited to, a Notch pathway inhibitor described herein, an effective amount of an anti-LRP antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of P6C.51.61.

In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to an individual who has received, is receiving, or is going to receive a Notch pathway inhibitor, including but not limited to, a Notch pathway inhibitor described herein, an effective amount of an anti-Frizzled antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of 18R5. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to an individual who has received, is receiving, or is going to receive a Notch pathway inhibitor, including but not limited to, a Notch pathway inhibitor described herein, an effective amount of an anti-Frizzled antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of B9L9.3.

In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to an individual who has received, is receiving, or is going to receive a Notch pathway inhibitor, including but not limited to, a Notch pathway inhibitor described herein, an effective amount of an anti-Wnt antibody comprising the HVRs or variable regions of an anti-Wnt antibody described in U.S. Publication No. 2013/0045209.

In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to an individual who has received, is receiving, or is going to receive a Notch pathway inhibitor, including but not limited to, a Notch pathway inhibitor described herein, an effective amount of soluble Frizzled 54F28. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to an individual who has received, is receiving, or is going to receive a Notch pathway inhibitor, including but not limited to, a Notch pathway inhibitor described herein, an effective amount of a soluble Fzd8 receptor, such as FZD8CRD.

In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to an individual who has received, is receiving, or is going to receive a Notch pathway inhibitor, including but not limited to, a Notch pathway inhibitor described herein, an effective amount of a Wnt pathway inhibitor selected from LGK974, AVN316, and PRI-724.

In some embodiments, at least one dose of the at least one Wnt pathway inhibitor is administered less than 1 hour, less than 2 hours, less than 4 hours, less than 6 hours, less than 8 hours, less than 12 hours, less than 24 hours, less than 36 hours, or less than 48 hours before administration of at least one dose of at least one Notch pathway inhibitor. In some embodiments, at least one dose of the at least one Wnt pathway inhibitor is administered within 4 hours (i.e., anytime from 4 hours before to 4 hours after), or within 3 hours, or within 2 hours, or within 1 hour, of administration of at least one dose of at least one Notch pathway inhibitor. In some embodiments, at least one dose of the at least one Wnt pathway inhibitor is administered less than 1 hour, less than 2 hours, less than 4 hours, less than 6 hours, less than 8 hours, less than 12 hours, less than 24 hours, less than 36 hours, or less than 48 hours after administration of at least one dose of at least one Notch pathway inhibitor.

In a further aspect, the invention provides for the use of Notch pathway inhibitors and Wnt pathway inhibitors in the manufacture or preparation of a medicament. In one embodiment, the medicament is for treatment of a disease or disorder associated with aberrant Notch signaling. In one embodiment, the medicament is for treatment of a cancer. In a further embodiment, the medicament is for use in a method of treating a cancer comprising administering to an individual having a cancer an effective amount of the medicament. In one such embodiment, the method further comprises administering to the individual an effective amount of at least one additional therapeutic agent, e.g., as described below. An “individual” according to any of the above embodiments may be a human.

In a further aspect, the invention provides a method for treating a disease or disorder associated with aberrant Notch signaling. In one embodiment, the method comprises administering to an individual having such disease or disorder an effective amount of at least one Notch pathway inhibitor and an effective amount of at least one Wnt pathway inhibitor. In one embodiment, the method comprises administering to an individual having a cancer an effective amount of at least one Notch pathway inhibitor and an effective amount of at least one Wnt pathway inhibitor. In one such embodiment, the method further comprises administering to the individual an effective amount of at least one additional therapeutic agent, as described below. An “individual” according to any of the above embodiments may be a human.

In a further aspect, the invention provides a method for inhibiting cancer cell growth in an individual. In one embodiment, the method comprises administering to the individual an effective amount of at least one Notch pathway inhibitor and an effective amount of at least one Wnt pathway inhibitor to inhibit cancer cell growth. In one embodiment, an “individual” is a human.

In a further aspect, the invention provides pharmaceutical formulations comprising any of the Notch pathway inhibitors and/or any of the Wnt pathway inhibitors provided herein, e.g., for use in any of the above therapeutic methods. In one embodiment, a pharmaceutical formulation comprises any of the Notch pathway inhibitors and/or any of the Wnt pathway inhibitors provided herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In another embodiment, a pharmaceutical formulation comprises any of the Notch pathway inhibitors and/or any of the Wnt pathway inhibitors provided herein and at least one additional therapeutic agent, e.g., as described below.

Notch pathway inhibitors and Wnt pathway inhibitors of the invention can be used either alone or in combination with other agents in a therapy. For instance, the inhibitors of the invention may be co-administered with at least one additional therapeutic agent. In certain embodiments, an additional therapeutic agent is a cytotoxic agent. In certain embodiments, an additional therapeutic agent is an antibody.

Such combination therapies noted above encompass combined administration (where two or more therapeutic agents are included in the same or separate formulations), and separate administration, in which case, administration of the inhibitor of the invention can occur prior to, simultaneously, and/or following, administration of the additional therapeutic agent or agents. In one embodiment, administration of at least one Notch pathway inhibitor and administration of at least one Wnt pathway inhibitor occur within about one month, or within about one, two or three weeks, or within about one, two, three, four, five, or six days, of each other. Inhibitors of the invention can also be used in combination with radiation therapy.

An inhibitor of the invention (and any additional therapeutic agent) can be administered by any suitable means, including parenteral, intrapulmonary, and intranasal, and, if desired for local treatment, intralesional administration. Parenteral infusions include intramuscular, intravenous, intraarterial, intraperitoneal, or subcutaneous administration. Dosing can be by any suitable route, e.g. by injections, such as intravenous or subcutaneous injections, depending in part on whether the administration is brief or chronic. Various dosing schedules including but not limited to single or multiple administrations over various time-points, bolus administration, and pulse infusion are contemplated herein.

Inhibitors of the invention would be formulated, dosed, and administered in a fashion consistent with good medical practice. Factors for consideration in this context include the particular disorder being treated, the particular mammal being treated, the clinical condition of the individual patient, the cause of the disorder, the site of delivery of the agent, the method of administration, the scheduling of administration, and other factors known to medical practitioners. The inhibitor need not be, but is optionally formulated with one or more agents currently used to prevent or treat the disorder in question. The effective amount of such other agents depends on the amount of inhibitor present in the formulation, the type of disorder or treatment, and other factors discussed above. These are generally used in the same dosages and with administration routes as described herein, or about from 1 to 99% of the dosages described herein, or in any dosage and by any route that is empirically/clinically determined to be appropriate.

For the prevention or treatment of disease, the appropriate dosage of an inhibitor of the invention (when used alone or in combination with one or more other additional therapeutic agents) will depend on the type of disease to be treated, the type of inhibitor, the severity and course of the disease, whether the inhibitor is administered for preventive or therapeutic purposes, previous therapy, the patient's clinical history and response to the inhibitor, and the discretion of the attending physician. The inhibitor is suitably administered to the patient at one time or over a series of treatments. Depending on the type and severity of the disease, about 1 μg/kg to 15 mg/kg (e.g. 0.1 mg/kg-10 mg/kg) of inhibitor can be an initial candidate dosage for administration to the patient, whether, for example, by one or more separate administrations, or by continuous infusion. One typical daily dosage might range from about 1 μg/kg to 100 mg/kg or more, depending on the factors mentioned above. For repeated administrations over several days or longer, depending on the condition, the treatment would generally be sustained until a desired suppression of disease symptoms occurs. One exemplary dosage of the inhibitor would be in the range from about 0.05 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg. Thus, one or more doses of about 0.5 mg/kg, 2.0 mg/kg, 4.0 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg (or any combination thereof) may be administered to the patient. Such doses may be administered intermittently, e.g. every week or every three weeks (e.g. such that the patient receives from about two to about twenty, or e.g. about six doses of the inhibitor). An initial higher loading dose, followed by one or more lower doses may be administered. An exemplary dosing regimen comprises administering an initial loading dose of about 4 mg/kg, followed by a weekly maintenance dose of about 2 mg/kg of the inhibitor. However, other dosage regimens may be useful. The progress of this therapy is easily monitored by conventional techniques and assays.

It is understood that any of the above formulations or therapeutic methods may be carried out using an immunoconjugate in place of or in addition to the antibodies discussed above.

I. Articles of Manufacture

In another aspect of the invention, an article of manufacture containing materials useful for the treatment, prevention and/or diagnosis of the disorders described above is provided. The article of manufacture comprises a container and a label or package insert on or associated with the container. Suitable containers include, for example, bottles, vials, syringes, IV solution bags, etc. The containers may be formed from a variety of materials such as glass or plastic. The container holds a composition which is by itself or combined with another composition effective for treating, preventing and/or diagnosing the condition and may have a sterile access port (for example the container may be an intravenous solution bag or a vial having a stopper pierceable by a hypodermic injection needle). At least one active agent in the composition is an inhibitor of the invention. The label or package insert indicates that the composition is used for treating the condition of choice. Moreover, the article of manufacture may comprise (a) a first container with a composition contained therein, wherein the composition comprises a Notch pathway inhibitor; and (b) a second container with a composition contained therein, wherein the composition comprises a Wnt pathway inhibitor. The article of manufacture in this embodiment of the invention may further comprise a package insert indicating that the compositions can be used to treat a particular condition. Alternatively, or additionally, the article of manufacture may further comprise a second (or third) container comprising a pharmaceutically-acceptable buffer, such as bacteriostatic water for injection (BWFI), phosphate-buffered saline, Ringer's solution and dextrose solution. It may further include other materials desirable from a commercial and user standpoint, including other buffers, diluents, filters, needles, and syringes.

III. Examples

The following are examples of methods and compositions of the invention. It is understood that various other embodiments may be practiced, given the general description provided above.

Example 1. Materials and Methods

Mice

All procedures were performed while observing UCSF regulations and guidelines. Mouse strains used: C57B1/6, Lgr5GFPiresCreER (Jax strain stock number 008875), Bmi1CreER (Jax strain stock number 010531), Axin2lacZ (Jax strain stock number 009120), Math1GFP (Jax strain stock number 013593), and R26RFP (Jax strain stock number 007908). The intestine was flushed and stretched out with 4% PFA after cardiac perfusion on a cold glass plate. Alternating 2 cm pieces were collected in two cassettes. One cassette was fixed for 4 hr with 4% PFA, followed by a 30% sucrose incubation overnight at 4° C. Tissues were embedded in frozen OCT and sectioned at 7 μm. The other cassette was fixed overnight with 4% PFA and processed for paraffin embedding and sectioned at 2 μm. For lineage tracing, Lgr5^(CreER/+);Rosa^(RFP/+) mice were treated with Tamoxifen dissolved in corn oil at 0.08 mg/g, IP, at the time point indicated in the figure panels. For blocking antibody treatments, dosing of α-Notch1 and α-Notch2 blocking antibodies was given at 1 mg/kg each, by intraperitoneal injection as indicated in the figure panels. α-LRP6 blocking antibody was given at 30 mg/kg, IP. FZD8CRD was given at 10 mg/k every 24 hours.

Immunohistochemistry and Immunofluorescence

Immunohistochemistry was performed using Dako Envision+ system-HRP polymer detection kit. For immunofluorescence staining, samples were blocked with Dako protein-free blocking solution. Primary and secondary antibodies were diluted in Dako antibody diluent and staining conditions are summarized in Table S1. Secondary antibodies were from Jackson Immunology.

TABLE S1 Antibodies used in this study. Antigen Catalog# dilution Processing Species Company B-gal 559761 5000 frozen rabbit MP bioscience GFP TP401 5000 paraffin/Frozen rabbit Torrey Pines GFP NB100- 3000 paraffin/Frozen chicken Novus 1614 Dll4 AF1389 100 frozen goat R&D systems NICD 4147 100 paraffin rabbit Cell signaling Full-length 3608 100 Paraffin rabbit Cell Notch signaling Dll1 ab10554 200 frozen rabbit abcam Math1 SC-98520 300 Paraffin/frozen rabbit Santa Cruz ckit af1356 300 Paraffin/frozen goat R&Dsystems ki67 TEC3 300 paraffin rat Dako ki67 rm-9106-s 300 Paraffin/frozen rabbit Thermo EdU c10337 500 Paraffin/frozen Invitrogen Sox9 ab5535 300 Paraffin/frozen rabbit Millipore EphB3 AF432 100 Paraffin/frozen goat R&D systems RFP 600-401- 1000 Paraffin/frozen rabbit Rockland 379 b-catenin c2206 6000 paraffin rabbit Sigma Lysozyme A0099 10000 Paraffin/frozen rabbit Dako Construction of the LRP6 Bispecific Antibody

Two LRP6 specific antibodies were identified and optimized from human synthetic antibody libraries (Gong et al., 2010). YW210.09 binds to the E1 domain of LRP6 and YW211.31.57 binds to the E3E4 domain of LRP6. We used knobs-into-holes engineering (Ridgeway et al., 1996) to construct a bispecific IgG hybrid with YW211.31.62 and YW210.09 heavy chain heterodimers (Gong, Bourhis et al. 2010; U.S. Publication No. 2011/0256127). Antibodies were cloned into E. coli expression vectors that expressed full length IgG (Simmons et al., 2002). YW210.09 was cloned into the IgG vector with a Knob mutation, while YW211.31.57 was cloned into the IgG vector with a Hole mutation. The bispecific antibody was developed using a method to express heavy-light half antibodies that are subsequently combined to form an intact bispecific immunoglobulin. Detailed protocols of half antibody expression, purification and assembly are described (Spiess et al., 2013). The final bispecific antibody was characterized by Intact and Reduced Mass Spectrometric Analysis and size exclusion chromatography.

Isolation of Crypts for qRTPCR and Microarray Analysis

Four groups of C57B1/6 mice were injected IP with 1 mg/kg Notch1 and Notch2 blocking antibodies, 30 mg/kg Lrp6 blocking antibody, 1 mg/kg Notch1, Notch2 and 30 mg/kg Lrp6 blocking antibodies, or 30 mg/kg anti-ragweed antibody. 24 hr later, isolated small intestines were opened longitudinally, and washed with cold PBS. The tissue was then chopped into 5 mm pieces and incubated in cold chelation buffer (2 mM EDTA, 0.5 mM DL-Dithiothreitol in PBS) for 30 min on ice. Chelation buffer was then removed and tissue fragments were vigorously resuspended in cold PBS using a 10 mL pipette. The process was repeated until individual crypts were released from the tissue chunks. The crypt suspension fractions were pooled and strained through a 70 micron filter. Crypts were pelleted and RNA was extracted using the Qiagen RNeasy mini kit.

Microarray Analysis

RNA samples were hybridized against Agilent Mouse GE 4×44K v2 Microarrays using Universal Mouse RNA in the control channel. Data were processed with ExpressionPlot version 3.5 standard Agilent pipeline, which uses R 3.0.0, and limma 3.6.7. Briefly, (1) background outliers (>50 intensity) were reset to median background intensity in both channels, (2) background correction was performed using the background Correct function with the “normexp” method with an offset of 50, (3) within-array normalization was performed using the normalize WithinArraysfunction with the “loess” method, (4) replicate probes were averaged using theaveReps function, (5) between-array normalization was performed using the normalizeBetweenArrays function with the “Aquantile” method, (6) control probes (those not beginning with “A_” followed by a digit) were discarded, (7) probe expression levels were summarized as log 2 of expression ratio, (8) to obtain gene levels, one probe was selected per gene using by maximizing the inter-quartile range, (9) limma was used for differential expression analysis. Complete data are provided in Table 2. Further analysis to obtain final gene lists was performed using ExpressionPlot: genomebiology.com/2011/12/7/R69.

Example 2. Localization of Wnt and Notch Signaling in the Intestinal Crypt

To investigate the role of the Notch and Wnt pathways in maintaining crypt homeostasis, it was determined which cells within the crypts receive Notch and Wnt signaling. Wnt signaling is required for ISC maintenance (Fevr, Robine et al. 2007; van Es, Haegebarth et al. 2012), and expression of Lgr5^(GFP) and the Wnt reporter Axin2^(LacZ) was detected in CBCs (FIG. 1A,B). Axin2^(LacZ) expression was also detected in proliferating TA cells (FIG. 1B), reflecting Wnt signaling in these cycling cells. Approximately 76% of crypts analyzed showed that Math1^(GFP) expression also overlapped with the Wnt reporter in cells near the border of the stem cell compartment and TA zone (FIG. 1C, arrowheads; n=3, ≧100 crypts per mouse analyzed). These findings are consistent with the notion that Wnt signaling plays an active role in specifying progenitors for the secretory cell fate (Pinto, Gregorieff et al. 2003).

Lgr5 is a Wnt target gene and an established marker of CBCs. It was found that CBCs marked by Lgr5^(GFP) were also positive for the transcriptionally active form of Notch (NICD) (FIG. 1D), confirming that the Notch pathway is active in ISCs. Nuclear NICD staining was also detected in the most proximal proliferating TA cells relative to the crypt bottom (FIG. 1E). NICD staining and the secretory progenitor marker Math1^(GFP) never overlapped in these cells (FIG. 1F; n=3, ≧100 crypts per sample analyzed), consistent with the role of Notch signaling in contributing primarily to absorptive lineages (Fre, Huyghe et al. 2005; van Es, van Gijn et al. 2005). These results reinforce the notion that both pathways are active in CBCs. However, the complete lack of NICD in Math1^(GFP) and Axin2^(LacZ) double positive progenitors indicates that Notch and Wnt signaling pathways also have divergent functions during cell fate specification.

Example 3. Notch Signaling Blockade Impairs ISC Function

Based on the observations that both the Notch and Wnt signaling pathways are active in ISCs, their respective roles were tested by reducing the levels of signaling through the use of pharmacological agents. Established antibodies that specifically block the activity of Notch receptors 1 and 2 (Wu, Cain-Hom et al. 2010) were used, as well as a bispecific antibody that inhibits the activity of the Wnt co-receptor LRP6 (Example 1: Materials and methods). Inhibiting Notch1 and Notch2 together effectively blocked Notch signaling, based on a complete loss of NICD accumulation in ISCs and TA cells, and induced a loss of CBC morphology (FIG. 2A,B). Notch inhibition also decreased proliferation associated with the TA zone (FIG. 2C,D) and a substantially increased expression of the Paneth cell marker lysozyme (FIG. 2E,F). These results indicated that this dosing scheme effectively blocked Notch signaling in the small intestine.

The ISC markers Lgr5 and Olfm4 were down-regulated 7 hours after Notch antibody treatment (FIG. 3A-D and FIG. 4A,B), suggesting that stem cell maintenance was affected by Notch pathway inhibition. In addition, the number of proliferating CBCs marked by Lgr5^(GFP) and Ki67 staining expression was greatly reduced 24 hours after Notch blockade (FIG. 5D,L and FIG. 3F). Surprisingly, Lgr5 expression recovered 72 hours following initiation of Notch blockade, and Lgr5 was ectopically expressed throughout the crypt base and extended upward to the region normally occupied by TA cells (FIG. 3G,H). On the other hand, expression of the Notch target gene Olfm4 (VanDussen, Carulli et al. 2012) remained down regulated during the entire Notch blockade (FIG. 4A-D). The differential effect of Notch inhibition on the expression of these two stem cell markers may reflect distinct pathway requirements. Nevertheless, the extended loss of Olfm4 expression, coupled with the results on stem cell activity described below, suggest that Olfm4 down regulation correlates with loss of stem cell activity. Increased levels of Lgr5 at later timepoints are likely due to the Lgr5 responsiveness to Wnt signaling, as described below.

Treatment of mice with the anti-Lrp6 blocking antibody led to a marked reduction in secretory cell progenitors (FIG. 2G,H), consistent with previous reports linking Wnt to secretory differentiation (Farin et al., 2012; Pinto, Gregorieff et al. 2003) and with the observation that Axin2^(LacZ) overlaps with Math1^(GFP) expression. Paneth cells, marked by the presence of lysozyme staining, were maintained in the presence of anti-LRP6 treatment (data not shown). Attenuation of the Wnt pathway also led to the loss of Lgr5^(GFP) expression in CBCs while maintaining normal crypt proliferation in the intestine (FIG. 2I,J). This result raises the possibility that different Wnt signaling thresholds are required to maintain Lgr5 levels vs. maintaining proliferation. Although a near complete down-regulation of Axin2^(LacZ) levels in mice treated with anti-Lrp6 blocking antibody was observed (FIG. 2H), it is possible that the Axin2^(LacZ) reporter is insensitive to very low levels of Wnt signaling or that input(s) from other signaling pathway(s) play a role in maintaining TA cell proliferation during anti-Lrp6 blockade.

To more definitively determine if normal CBC stem cell multipotency requires Notch and Wnt signaling, genetic lineage tracing experiments were performed using Lgr5^(CreER/+);Rosa^(RFP/+) mice. First, mice were given Notch blocking antibodies before induction of recombination with Tamoxifen (Tam). Compared with control mice where Notch signaling is left intact (FIG. 2K), treatment with Notch blocking antibodies before Tam induction completely prevented lineage tracing from Lgr5-expressing cells (FIG. 2L). In samples from these mice, RFP-marked cells were present at the crypt base (FIG. 2L, inset) and expressed the secretory marker lysozyme (FIG. 6B), indicating that CBCs had converted directly into Paneth cells during Notch blockade. In addition, Notch blocking antibodies were injected following tamoxifen-induced recombination. Under these conditions, lineage tracing from the base of the crypts was almost completely absent with patchy lineage tracing remaining in cells near the top of villi (FIG. 2M). RFP marked cells were also detected at the crypt base (FIG. 2M) and expressed lysozyme (FIG. 6D), indicating that a small population of CBCs had given rise to Paneth cells during Notch blockade. Together, these results show that Notch signaling is required for CBC stem cell activity.

Treating mice with the Lrp6 blocking antibody before induction with Tam caused a complete loss of Lgr5 lineage tracing events (FIG. 2N). To differentiate between lost stem cell activity and suppression of Lgr5 expression through Wnt signaling attenuation, recombination was induced in CBCs followed by Lrp6 blocking antibody treatments. This led to un-interrupted lineage tracing similar to that observed in control mice (FIG. 2O), indicating that CBC stem cells function normally under LRP6 signaling attenuation, and that the loss of lineage tracing seen in the pre-Tam treatments was likely due to loss of Lgr5 expression. This observation was corroborated by the presence of proliferating CBCs and Olfm4 expression in the anti-Lrp6 treated animals (FIG. 2J, FIG. 4E).

Example 4. Notch Blockade Leads to Wnt Signaling Up-Regulation, which Promotes Secretory Cell Hyperplasia

The down-regulation of Math1^(GFP) expression by administration of the Lrp6 blocking antibody is consistent with a role for Wnt signaling in promotion of secretory cell fate decisions. Indeed, down-regulation of Math1^(GFP) expression was detected as early as 24 hours after anti-Lrp6 injection (FIG. 5O). As a result, Wnt signaling readouts during Notch blockade were examined. By 7 hours after injection with the Notch blocking antibodies, intestinal crypts showed a pronounced increase in Axin2^(LacZ) expression (FIG. 5B,F) without an apparent increase in Math1^(GFP) expression (FIG. 5C,G). Notch signaling has been shown to repress expression of Math1 in the intestine (Fre, Huyghe et al. 2005; van Es, van Gijn et al. 2005), and a substantial increase in Math1^(GFP) expression was similarly detected by 24 hours post treatment (FIG. 5A,K). Interestingly, at this time point, Math1^(GFP)-positive cells overlapped with Axin2^(LacZ) expression, which was increased (FIG. 5A,J), indicating that the Notch secretory hyperplasia phenotype correlated with cells that were actively undergoing high levels of Wnt signaling.

As a result of these observations, gene expression analysis using expression microarrays followed by qPCR validation on isolated intestinal crypts from mice treated with Notch blocking antibodies for 24 hours was performed (FIG. 5A and Tables 2-4). The top differentially expressed genes were bona fide Notch targets (Olfm4 (log 2(fold change)=−4.07)) and Neurog3 (log 2(fold change)=3.83)(Fre, Huyghe et al. 2005; VanDussen, Carulli et al. 2012). In addition, up-regulation of several known Wnt target genes was also detected. The ligand Wnt3 was strongly up regulated, as were the Wnt target genes Kit, Ccl9, Sox4, Rnf43, Tnfsrf25. In addition to the Wnt targets, several known regulators of secretory cell differentiation such as Atoh1/Math1, Dll4, Dll1, Pax4, Foxa2, and Nkx2-2, Rfx6, and Neurog3 were also up regulated. Within the set of anti-Notch up-regulated genes, two groups were distinguished based on responsiveness to co-treatment with anti-LRP6. One group showed a greater than 2 fold decrease in expression relative to anti-Notch treatment alone and included Wnt3 and Atoh1/Math1 (Table 4), whereas the other showed minimal responsiveness to anti-LRP6 treatment and included Pax4 (<2 fold, Table 5). Several of the minimally responsive genes have been identified previously in screens for Wnt target genes (de Lau et al., 2011), suggesting that treatment with the anti-LRP6 antibody represents an incomplete Wnt signaling blockade. Expression of other Wnt targets based on the microarray results such as Sox9 and EphB3 was monitored and it was found that they were also increased during the early Notch blockade (FIG. 5E,I,M). Thus, the immunofluorescence and microarray results indicated that Notch signaling attenuates Wnt signaling, preventing secretory differentiation in the intestinal epithelium.

TABLE 2 Genes downregulated after anti-Notch treatment. log2(fold gene symbol gene name change) Olfm4 olfactomedin 4 −4.07 Rbp7 retinol binding protein 7, cellular −3.18 C3 complement component 3 −1.75 Cyp1a1 cytochrome P450, family 1, subfamily a, polypeptide 1 −1.74 Ugt2b5 UDP glucuronosyltransferase 2 family, polypeptide B5 −1.73 Ctse cathepsin E −1.68 Ugt2b38 UDP glucuronosyltransferase 2 family, polypeptide B38 −1.57 Cnn3 calponin 3, acidic −1.52 Ugt2b36 UDP glucuronosyltransferase 2 family, polypeptide B36 −1.46 Akp3 alkaline phosphatase 3, intestine, not Mn requiring −1.45 Ascl2 achaete-scute complex homolog 2 (Drosophila) −1.45 Tmprss15 transmembrane protease, serine 15 −1.44 Adck3 aarF domain containing kinase 3 −1.43 Cbr3 carbonyl reductase 3 −1.43 Aqp8 aquaporin 8 −1.43 Dcn decorin −1.39 Sema5a sema domain, seven thrombospondin repeats (type 1 −1.39 and type 1-like), transmembrane domain (TM) and short cytoplasmic domain, (semaphorin) 5A Pdk4 pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, isoenzyme 4 −1.33 Cybrd1 cytochrome b reductase 1 −1.29 Acsm3 acyl-CoA synthetase medium-chain family member 3 −1.29 Rspo1 R-spondin homolog (Xenopus laevis) −1.28 Lum lumican −1.27 Slc40a1 solute carrier family 40 (iron-regulated transporter), −1.27 member 1 Cyp39a1 cytochrome P450, family 39, subfamily a, polypeptide 1 −1.23 Ugt2b37 UDP glucuronosyltransferase 2 family, polypeptide B37 −1.22 Slc16a9 solute carrier family 16 (monocarboxylic acid −1.22 transporters), member 9 Shmt1 serine hydroxymethyltransferase 1 (soluble) −1.2 Msln mesothelin −1.18 Nkx6-3 NK6 homeobox 3 −1.16 Add3 adducin 3 (gamma) −1.15 Impa2 inositol (myo)-1(or 4)-monophosphatase 2 −1.15 Rarres2 retinoic acid receptor responder (tazarotene induced) 2 −1.14 Ugt2b35 UDP glucuronosyltransferase 2 family, polypeptide B35 −1.14 Wt1 Wilms tumor 1 homolog −1.14 Slc14a1 solute carrier family 14 (urea transporter), member 1 −1.13 Upk3b uroplakin 3B −1.13 Pbk PDZ binding kinase −1.11 Akr1c12 aldo-keto reductase family 1, member C12 −1.11 1110020GO9Rik RIKEN cDNA 1110020G09 gene −1.1 Clu clusterin −1.1 Cth cystathionase (cystathionine gamma-lyase) −1.09 Akr1c14 aldo-keto reductase family 1, member C14 −1.09 C1ra complement component 1, r subcomponent A −1.07 Cenpp centromere protein P −1.07 Angpt2 angiopoietin 2 −1.06 Rgn regucalcin −1.06 Ptgis prostaglandin I2 (prostacyclin) synthase −1.05 Adamts2 a disintegrin-like and metallopeptidase (reprolysin type) −1.05 with thrombospondin type 1 motif, 2 Fabp4 fatty acid binding protein 4, adipocyte −1.03 Scn2b sodium channel, voltage-gated, type II, beta −1.03 Snx7 sorting nexin 7 −1.03 Kcnq1 potassium voltage-gated channel, subfamily Q, member 1 −1.03 Lmcd1 LIM and cysteine-rich domains 1 −1.03 Aldh1a3 aldehyde dehydrogenase family 1, subfamily A3 −1.02 Slpi secretory leukocyte peptidase inhibitor −1.02 Stmn1 stathmin 1 −1.02 Hpdl 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase-like −1.01 Aqp4 aquaporin 4 −1

TABLE 3 Genes upregulated after anti-Notch treatment. log2(fold gene symbol gene name change) Neurog3 neurogenin 3 3.83 Cbfa2t3 core-binding factor, runt domain, alpha subunit 2, translocated 2.52 to, 3 (human) Gfra3 glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor family receptor alpha 2.44 3 Kit kit oncogene 2.42 Rcor2 REST corepressor 2 2.4 Cacna1a calcium channel, voltage-dependent, P/Q type, alpha 1A 2.24 subunit Ccl9 chemokine (C—C motif) ligand 9 2.21 Rfx6 regulatory factor X, 6 2.21 Kcnh3 potassium voltage-gated channel, subfamily H (eag-related), 2.15 member 3 C2cd4b C2 calcium-dependent domain containing 4B 2.15 Celf3 CUGBP, Elav-like family member 3 2.14 Fcgbp Fc fragment of IgG binding protein 2.09 Selm selenoprotein M 2.04 Rasa4 RAS p21 protein activator 4 2.01 Vldlr very low density lipoprotein receptor 1.98 Pax4 paired box gene 4 1.97 Atoh1 atonal homolog 1 (Drosophila) 1.96 Gm5595 predicted gene 5595 1.96 Airn antisense Igf2r RNA 1.93 Qsox1 quiescin Q6 sulfhydryl oxidase 1 1.91 Wnt3 wingless-related MMTV integration site 3 1.91 Rapgef3 Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) 3 1.91 Spdef SAM pointed domain containing ets transcription factor 1.9 Fut2 fucosyltransferase 2 1.88 Phf21b PHD finger protein 21B 1.85 Itga6 integrin alpha 6 1.82 Retnlb resistin like beta 1.82 Dll1 delta-like 1 (Drosophila) 1.82 Ern2 endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to nucleus signalling 2 1.81 Fut1 fucosyltransferase 1 1.8 Serpina9 serine (or cysteine) peptidase inhibitor, elude A (alpha-1 1.79 antiproteinase, antitrypsin), member 9 Hrh3 histamine receptor H3 1.78 Slc17a9 solute carrier family 17, member 9 1.75 Insm1 insulinoma-associated 1 1.75 Rap1gap Rapl GTPase-activating protein 1.7 Ffar2 free fatty acid receptor 2 1.69 Pla2g2a phospholipase A2, group IIA (platelets, synovial fluid) 1.66 Rep15 RAB15 effector protein 1.65 Creb314 cAMP responsive element binding protein 3-like 4 1.65 Chrm1 cholinergic receptor, muscarinic 1, CNS 1.65 Gpr20 G protein-coupled receptor 20 1.64 Slc15a2 solute carrier family 15 (H+/peptide transporter), member 2 1.64 Gadd45g growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible 45 gamma 1.62 Sytl2 synaptotagmin-like 2 1.61 Creb3l1 cAMP responsive element binding protein 3-like 1 1.61 Gsdma2 gasdermin A2 1.6 Tmem44 transmembrane protein 44 1.6 Phlda1 pleckstrin homology-like domain, family A, member 1 1.58 Rassf6 Ras association (RalGDS/AF-6) domain family member 6 1.58 Atp2a3 ATPase, Ca++ transporting, ubiquitous 1.57 Syt13 synaptotagmin XIII 1.55 Wtip WT1-interacting protein 1.55 Sox4 SRY-box containing gene 4 1.53 Dmpk dystrophia myotonica-protein kinase 1.51 Tecpr1 tectonin beta-propeller repeat containing 1 1.5 Pdia5 protein disulfide isomerase associated 5 1.5 Bhlha15 basic helix-loop-helix family, member a15 1.49 Myo5c myosin VC 1.49 Utrn utrophin 1.48 Tnfrsf25 tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 25 1.47 Hepacam2 HEPACAM family member 2 1.46 Celsr3 cadherin, EGF LAG seven-pass G-type receptor 3 (flamingo 1.45 homolog, Drosophila) Hpd 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid dioxygenase 1.44 Lama5 laminin, alpha 5 1.43 Galnt12 UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosamine: polypeptide N- 1.43 acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 12 Gm14207 predicted gene 14207 1.42 Gcnt3 glucosaminyl (N-acetyl) transferase 3, mucin type 1.42 Eya2 eyes absent 2 homolog (Drosophila) 1.41 Efcab4a EF-hand calcium binding domain 4A 1.41 Pde2a phosphodiesterase 2A, cGMP-stimulated 1.41 Unc5a unc-5 homolog A (C. elegans) 1.41 Dll4 delta-like 4 (Drosophila) 1.39 Tubb2b tubulin, beta 2B class IIB 1.38 Foxa2 forkhead box A2 1.35 Cd97 CD97 antigen 1.34 Thbs1 thrombospondin 1 1.33 Pnma2 paraneoplastic antigen MA2 1.33 Kcnk6 potassium inwardly-rectifying channel, subfamily K, member 1.33 6 Dok7 docking protein 7 1.31 Txndc5 thioredoxin domain containing 5 1.29 Hgfac hepatocyte growth factor activator 1.29 Olfm1 olfactomedin 1 1.27 Scnn1a sodium channel, nonvoltage-gated 1 alpha 1.26 Gm11937 predicted gene 11937 1.26 Fxyd3 FXYD domain-containing ion transport regulator 3 1.26 Fam174b family with sequence similarity 174, member B 1.25 Slc34a1 solute carrier family 34 (sodium phosphate), member 1 1.24 Slc2a10 solute carrier family 2 (facilitated glucose transporter), 1.23 member 10 Nkx2-2 NK2 transcription factor related, locus 2 (Drosophila) 1.23 Cfi complement component factor i 1.23 L1td1 LINE-1 type transposase domain containing 1 1.23 Agr2 anterior gradient 2 (Xenopus laevis) 1.23 Ica1 islet cell autoantigen 1 1.23 Ttc39a tetratricopeptide repeat domain 39A 1.22 Hpca hippocalcin 1.21 Dnajc10 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 10 1.21 Fsdl1 fibronectin type III and SPRY domain containing 1-like 1.21 Rundc3a RUN domain containing 3A 1.2 B3galt5 UDP-Gal:betaGlcNAc beta 1,3-galactosyltransferase, 1.2 polypeptide 5 Slc27a3 solute carrier family 27 (fatty acid transporter), member 3 1.2 Xlr3b X-linked lymphocyte-regulated 3B 1.2 Foxa3 forkhead box A3 1.2 Slc43a1 solute carrier family 43, member 1 1.18 Sidt1 SID1 transmembrane family, member 1 1.18 Cd200 CD200 antigen 1.16 Pla2g10 phospholipase A2, group X 1.16 Chst4 carbohydrate (chondroitin 6/keratan) sulfotransferase 4 1.13 4930404N11Rik RIKEN cDNA 4930404N11 gene 1.13 Galnt7 UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosamine: polypeptide N- 1.13 acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 7 Gm5796 predicted gene 5796 1.13 C630004H02Rik RIKEN cDNA C630004H02 gene 1.12 St6galnac6 ST6 (alpha-N-acetyl-neuraminy1-2,3-beta-galactosyl-1,3)-N- 1.12 acetylgalactosaminide alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase 6 Capn8 calpain 8 1.11 Mansc1 MANSC domain containing 1 1.11 Rnf150 ring finger protein 150 1.11 BC057022 cDNA sequence BC057022 1.1 Wars tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase 1.1 Casz1 castor homolog 1, zinc finger (Drosophila) 1.09 Hk2 hexokinase 2 1.09 Tbc1d2 TBC1 domain family, member 2 1.09 D10Bwg1379e DNA segment, Chr 10, Brigham & Women's Genetics 1379 1.09 expressed Lrrc27 leucine rich repeat containing 27 1.08 Neurod2 neurogenic differentiation 2 1.08 Gm20558 predicted gene, 20558 1.08 Pecr peroxisomal trans-2-enoyl-CoA reductase 1.08 C2cd4a C2 calcium-dependent domain containing 4A 1.08 Mcf2l mcf.2 transforming sequence-like 1.08 Gm13023 predicted gene 13023 1.07 Sgsm1 small G protein signaling modulator 1 1.07 Igdcc4 immunoglobulin superfamily, DCC subclass, member 4 1.07 Rn4.5s 4.5S RNA 1.07 Slc23a3 solute carrier family 23 (nucleobase transporters), member 3 1.06 Fry1 furry homolog-like (Drosophila) 1.06 Vwa5b2 von Willebrand factor A domain containing 5B2 1.06 Fkbp11 FK506 binding protein 11 1.05 Nsf N-ethylmaleimide sensitive fusion protein 1.04 Krt7 keratin 7 1.04 Ptpro protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, O 1.03 Cmtm7 CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain containing 7 1.03 Inf2 inverted formin, FH2 and WH2 domain containing 1.03 Tat tyrosine aminotransferase 1.03 Serpina10 serine (or cysteine) peptidase inhibitor, Glade A (alpha-1 1.03 antiproteinase, antitrypsin), member 10 Krtap10-10 keratin associated protein 10-10 1.03 Slc7a4 solute carrier family 7 (cationic amino acid transporter, y+ 1.03 system), member 4 Tmem132a transmembrane protein 132A 1.03 Naip1 NLR family, apoptosis inhibitory protein 1 1.02 Hsp90b1 heat shock protein 90, beta (Grp94), member 1 1.02 Pqlc1 PQ loop repeat containing 1 1.02 Pdia4 protein disulfide isomerase associated 4 1.02 Zc3h7a zinc finger CCCH type containing 7 A 1.02 Map3k15 mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 15 1.01 Mex3a mex3 homolog A (C. elegans) 1.01 Sgsm3 small G protein signaling modulator 3 1.01 Rmrp RNA component of mitochondrial RNAase P 1.01

TABLE 4 Genes downregulated after anti-Notch and anti-Lrp6 treatment. log2 (fold log2(fold change) change) due to Notch_Lrp Notch 6 Block- relative gene symbol gene name ade to Notch Cbfa2t3 core-binding factor, runt 2.52 −1.43 domain, alpha subunit 2, translocated to, 3 (human) Kit kit oncogene 2.42 −1.28 Rcor2 REST corepressor 2 2.4 −0.958 Cacna1a calcium channel, voltage- 2.24 −1.13 dependent, P/Q type, alpha 1A subunit Rfx6 regulatory factor X, 6 2.21 −1.34 Kcnh3 potassium voltage-gated channel, 2.15 −1.23 subfamily H (eag-related), member 3 C2cd4b C2 calcium-dependent domain 2.15 −1.47 containing 4B Celf3 CUGBP, Elav-like family 2.14 −1.35 member 3 Fcgbp Fc fragment of IgG binding protein 2.09 −1.22 Rasa4 RAS p21 protein activator 4 2.01 −1.07 Vldlr very low density lipoprotein 1.98 −1.38 receptor Gm5595 predicted gene 5595 1.96 −1.18 Atoh1 atonal homolog 1 (Drosophila) 1.96 −0.928 Airn antisense Igf2r RNA 1.93 −1.74 Wnt3 wingless-related MMTV 1.91 −1.22 integration site 3 Rapgef3 Rap guanine nucleotide exchange 1.91 −1.38 factor (GEF) 3 Qsox1 quiescin Q6 sulfhydryl oxidase 1 1.91 −1.27 Spdef SAM pointed domain containing 1.9 −0.955 ets transcription factor Fut2 fucosyltransferase 2 1.88 −1.73 Phf21b PHD finger protein 21B 1.85 −1.42 Dll1 delta-like 1 (Drosophila) 1.82 −1.05 Itga6 integrin alpha 6 1.82 −1.13 Retnlb resistin like beta 1.82 −1.29 Ern2 endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to 1.81 −1.27 nucleus signalling 2 Fut1 fucosyltransferase 1 1.8 −1.18 14581 growth factor independent 1 1.77 −1.26 Slc17a9 solute carrier family 17, member 9 1.75 −1.55 Rap1gap Rapl GTPase-activating protein 1.7 −0.982 Ffar2 free fatty acid receptor 2 1.69 −1.27 Pla2g2a phospholipase A2, group IIA 1.66 −1.21 (platelets, synovial fluid) Chrm1 cholinergic receptor, muscarinic 1, 1.65 −1.38 CNS Slc15a2 solute carrier family 15 (H+/ 1.64 −1.61 peptide transporter), member 2 Gpr20 G protein-coupled receptor 20 1.64 −1.21 Gadd45g growth arrest and DNA-damage- 1.62 −1.06 inducible 45 gamma Sytl2 synaptotagmin-like 2 1.61 −1.25 Gsdma2 gasdermin A2 1.6 −1.41 Rassf6 Ras association (RalGDS/AF-6) 1.58 −1.14 domain family member 6 Atp2a3 ATPase, Ca++ transporting, 1.57 −1.04 ubiquitous Wtip WT1-interacting protein 1.55 −1.48 Dmpk dystrophia myotonica-protein 1.51 −1.05 kinase Pdia5 protein disulfide isomerase 1.5 −0.946 associated 5 Tecpr1 tectonin beta-propeller repeat 1.5 −1.06 containing 1 Myo5c myosin VC 1.49 −1.11 Utrn utrophin 1.48 −1.39 Tnfrsf25 tumor necrosis factor receptor 1.47 −1.47 superfamily, member 25 Celsr3 cadherin, EGF LAG seven-pass 1.45 −1.2 G-type receptor 3 (flamingo homolog, Drosophila) Galnt12 UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D- 1.43 −0.924 galactosamine:polypeptide N- acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 12 Lama5 laminin, alpha 5 1.43 −1.39 Gcnt3 glucosaminyl (N-acetyl) transferase 1.42 −0.903 3, mucin type Pde2a phosphodiesterase 2A, cGMP- 1.41 −0.951 stimulated Eya2 eyes absent 2 homolog 1.41 −0.91 (Drosophila) Dll4 delta-like 4 (Drosophila) 1.39 −0.956 1300002K09Rik RIKEN cDNA 1300002K09 gene 1.36 −0.96 1810019D21Rik RIKEN cDNA 1810019D21 gene 1.35 −1.2 Cd97 CD97 antigen 1.34 −1.06 Thbs1 thrombospondin 1 1.33 −1.09 Kcnk6 potassium inwardly-rectifying 1.33 −1.08 channel, subfamily K, member 6 L1td1 LINE-1 type transposase domain 1.23 −1.02 containing 1 Slc2a10 solute carrier family 2 (facilitated 1.23 −0.95 glucose transporter), member 10 Cfi complement component factor i 1.23 −1.12 Slc27a3 solute carrier family 27 (fatty acid 1.2 −1.13 transporter), member 3 B3galt5 UDP-Gal: betaGlcNAc beta 1,3- 1.2 −1.44 galactosyltransferase, polypeptide 5 Cd200 CD200 antigen 1.16 −1.41 Chst4 carbohydrate (chondroitin 6/ 1.13 −0.949 keratan) sulfotransferase 4 St6galnac6 ST6 (alpha-N-acetyl-neuraminyl- 1.12 −1.01 2,3-beta-galactosyl-1,3)- N-acetylgalactosaminide alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase 6 Capn8 calpain 8 1.11 −0.966 Hk2 hexokinase 2 1.09 −0.903 Rn4.5s 4.5S RNA 1.07 −1.23 Nsf N-ethylmaleimide sensitive 1.04 −1.27 fusion protein Serpina10 serine (or cysteine) peptidase 1.03 −0.933 inhibitor, Glade A (alpha-1 antiproteinase, antitrypsin), member 10 Hsp90b1 heat shock protein 90, beta 1.02 −1.26 (Grp94), member 1 Zc3h7a zinc finger CCCH type containing 1.02 −1.11 7 A Pdia4 protein disulfide isomerase 1.02 −1.11 associated 4 Chpf2 chondroitin polymerizing factor 2 1 −1.35

TABLE 5 Gene expression changes after anti-Notch and combination anti- Notch/anti-Lrp6 treatment. log2(fold log2(fold change) change) Notch_LRP6 Notch relative to gene symbol gene name treatment Notch Neurog3 neurogenin 3 3.83 −0.548 Gfra3 glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor 2.44 −0.463 family receptor alpha 3 Rcor2 REST corepressor 2 2.41 −0.965 Ccl9 chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 9 2.21 −0.713 Selm selenoprotein M 2.05 −0.632 Pax4 paired box gene 4 1.97 −0.824 Atoh1 atonal homolog 1 (Drosophila) 1.96 −0.927 Spdef SAM pointed domain containing ets 1.91 −0.96 transcription factor Serpina9 serine (or cysteine) peptidase inhibitor, 1.79 −0.565 Glade A (alpha-1 antiproteinase, antitrypsin), member 9 Hrh3 histamine receptor H3 1.78 −0.694 Insm1 insulinoma-associated 1 1.75 −0.0589 Rap1gap Rap1 GTPase-activating protein 1.71 −0.989 Rep15 RAB15 effector protein 1.65 −0.864 Creb3l4 cAMP responsive element binding protein 3-like 4 1.65 −0.697 Creb3l1 cAMP responsive element binding protein 3-like 1 1.62 −0.887 Phlda1 pleckstrin homology-like domain, family A, 1.6 −0.679 member 1 Tmem44 transmembrane protein 44 1.6 −0.715 Syt13 synaptotagmin XIII 1.56 −0.702 Sox4 SRY-box containing gene 4 1.53 −0.333 Pdia5 protein disulfide isomerase associated 5 1.5 −0.949 Bhlha15 basic helix-loop-helix family, member a15 1.49 −0.8 Hepacam2 HEPACAM family member 2 1.46 −0.824 Galnt12 UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D- 1.45 −0.938 galactosamine: polypeptide N- acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 12 Hpd 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid dioxygenase 1.44 −0.685 5330417C22Rik RIKEN cDNA 5330417022 gene 1.44 −0.805 Pde2a phosphodiesterase 2A, cGMP-stimulated 1.42 −0.958 Gm14207 predicted gene 14207 1.42 −0.369 Efcab4a EF-hand calcium binding domain 4A 1.41 −0.823 Gcnt3 glucosaminyl (N-acetyl) transferase 3, 1.41 −0.903 mucin type Unc5a unc-5 homolog A (C. elegans) 1.41 −0.829 Eya2 eyes absent 2 homolog (Drosophila) 1.4 −0.909 Dll4 delta-like 4 (Drosophila) 1.39 −0.956 Tubb2b tubulin, beta 2B class IIB 1.38 −0.23 Foxa2 forkhead box A2 1.35 −0.355 1300002K09Rik RIKEN cDNA 1300002K09 gene 1.35 −0.959 Pnma2 paraneoplastic antigen MA2 1.33 −0.419 Dok7 docking protein 7 1.31 −0.801 Txndc5 thioredoxin domain containing 5 1.31 −0.865 Hgfac hepatocyte growth factor activator 1.29 −0.863 Gm11937 predicted gene 11937 1.27 0.0122 Olfm1 olfactomedin 1 1.27 −0.369 Agr2 anterior gradient 2 (Xenopus laevis) 1.27 −0.761 Fxyd3 FXYD domain-containing ion transport 1.26 −0.248 regulator 3 Scnn1a sodium channel, nonvoltage-gated 1 alpha 1.26 −0.718 Fam174b family with sequence similarity 174, 1.25 −0.626 member B Slc34a1 solute carrier family 34 (sodium phosphate), 1.24 −0.775 member 1 Dnajcl0 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, 1.24 −0.645 member 10 Ica1 islet cell autoantigen 1 1.23 −0.735 solute carrier family 2 (facilitated glucose Slc2a10 transporter), member 10 1.23 −0.95 Nkx2-2 NK2 transcription factor related, locus 2 1.23 −0.66 (Drosophila) Ttc39a tetratricopeptide repeat domain 39A 1.22 −0.768 Hpca hippocalcin 1.21 −0.787 Fsd1l fibronectin type III and SPRY domain containing 1-like 1.21 −0.822 Rundc3a RUN domain containing 3A 1.2 −0.619 2210020M01Rik RIKEN cDNA 2210020M01 gene 1.2 −0.817 Foxa3 forkhead box A3 1.2 −0.488 Xlr3b X-linked lymphocyte-regulated 3B 1.2 −0.6 Sidt1 SID1 transmembrane family, member 1 1.19 −0.894 Slc43a1 solute carrier family 43, member 1 1.18 −0.758 Pla2g10 phospholipase A2, group X 1.16 −0.679 Wars tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase 1.14 −0.433 C630004H02Rik RIKEN cDNA C630004H02 gene 1.13 Galnt7 UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosamine: 1.13 polypeptide N- acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 7 Chst4 carbohydrate (chondroitin 6/keratan) 1.13 sulfotransferase 4 4930404N11Rik RIKEN cDNA 4930404N11 gene 1.13 Gm5796 predicted gene 5796 1.12 Hk2 hexokinase 2 1.11 Rnf150 ring finger protein 150 1.11 Capn8 calpain 8 1.11 Mansc1 MANSC domain containing 1 1.11 Tbc1d2 TBC1 domain family, member 2 1.1 BC057022 cDNA sequence BC057022 1.1 D10Bwg1379e DNA segment, Chr 10, Brigham & 1.09 Women's Genetics 1379 expressed Mcf21 mcf.2 transforming sequence-like 1.09 Casz1 castor homolog 1, zinc finger (Drosophila) 1.09 Pecr peroxisomal trans-2-enoyl-CoA reductase 1.08 C2cd4a C2 calcium-dependent domain containing 1.08 4A Lrrc27 leucine rich repeat containing 27 1.08 Neurod2 neurogenic differentiation 2 1.08 Gm20558 predicted gene, 20558 1.08 Gm13023 predicted gene 13023 1.07 Igdcc4 immunoglobulin superfamily, DCC 1.07 subclass, member 4 Sgsm1 small G protein signaling modulator 1 1.06 Slc23a3 solute carrier family 23 (nucleobase 1.06 transporters), member 3 Inf2 inverted formin, FH2 and WH2 domain 1.06 containing Fryl furry homolog-like (Drosophila) 1.06 Vwa5b2 von Willebrand factor A domain containing 1.06 5B2 Fkbp11 FK506 binding protein 11 1.05 Krt7 keratin 7 1.04 Tmem132a transmembrane protein 132A 1.04 Krtap10-10 keratin associated protein 10-10 1.04 Cmtm7 CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane 1.03 domain containing 7 Slc7a4 solute carrier family 7 (cationic amino acid 1.03 transporter, y+ system), member 4 Ptpro protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, 1.02 O Naip1 NLR family, apoptosis inhibitory protein 1 1.02 Pqlc1 PQ loop repeat containing 1 1.02 Tat tyrosine aminotransferase 1.02 Serpina10 serine (or cysteine) peptidase inhibitor, 1.02 Glade A (alpha-1 antiproteinase, antitrypsin), member 10 Rmrp RNA component of mitochondrial RNAase 1.01 P Map3k15 mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1.01 kinase 15 Sgsm3 small G protein signaling modulator 3 1.01 Mex3a mex3 homolog A (C. elegans) 1.01

Example 5. Wnt Signaling Up-Regulation Occurs Independently of Paneth Cell Hyperplasia

Paneth cells are a major source of Wnt3 in the small intestine, which led us to ask if Paneth cell hyperplasia represents the sole mechanism by which Wnt signaling up-regulation is achieved during Notch blockade. Levels of the Paneth cell marker Defa1 (microarray data not shown) and lysozyme staining in the small intestine (FIG. 9A,B) were not significantly increased at the 24 hour time point. To test if Paneth cells are required for a Wnt response, we blocked Notch signaling in Villin Cre;Math1^(fl/fl) mice that lack both secretory progenitors as well as differentiated secretory cells, including Paneth cells. Villin Cre;Math1^(fl/fl) mice had significantly reduced levels of Defa1 that did not change with Notch blockade (FIG. 9C). These mice, like their control littermates, appeared to have increased Ki67 and SOX9 staining after Notch blockade (FIG. 9D-J), which suggested to us that Wnt signaling was up-regulated even in the complete absence of Paneth cells. To test this idea, we examined the levels of Wnt target genes, Wnt isoforms, and Rspondin1-4 in the intestines of Villin Cre;Math1^(fl/fl) treated mice. Although Wnt3 was not up-regulated in mice lacking Paneth cells (FIG. 9K), consistent with the notion that Wnt3 is produced by Paneth cells, we observed a consistent up-regulation of several Wnt target genes (FIG. 5Z), as well as mesenchyme derived Wnt5a and epithelium derived Wnt9b (FIG. 5Z′). Of note, Wnt9b was previously shown to compensate for loss of Wnt3 in an organoid growth assay (Farin et al., 2012) and Wnt5a has also been shown to enhance proliferation in the small intestine (Cervantes et al., 2009). In addition, the Wnt signaling agonist Rspondin-4 (Rspo4) was significantly increased in both WT and Villin Cre;Math1^(fl/fl) treated mice (FIG. 9M and FIG. 5Z′).

From these results, we conclude that, although the Paneth cells are likely an important source of Wnt proteins when Notch signaling is blocked in control mice, the small intestine can still mount a Wnt response in the absence of Paneth cells. Moreover, the activation of the Wnt pathway due to loss of Notch signaling in control mice most likely results at least in part from an initial amplification of Wnt signaling through up-regulation of the canonical ligand Wnt9b and Wnt signaling agonist Rspo4. Subsequent Wnt3 production stemming from ongoing Paneth cell hyperplasia may then lock in place the secretory cell fate decision.

Example 6. Co-Treatment with Notch and Wnt Blocking Antibodies Rescues Secretory Cell Metaplasia

To functionally determine whether elevated Wnt signaling was responsible for the Notch phenotype, co-treatment with Notch and Lrp6 blocking antibodies was tested. Further microarray analysis was performed, and demonstrated that genes up regulated under Notch blockade could be partially or completely repressed by co-treatment with Lrp6 blocking antibodies; interestingly, such genes included Wnt3 and the pro-secretory fate genes Math1, Dll1, Dll4, Pax4 and Ngn3 (FIG. 5A). Without intending to be bound by any particular theory, this suggested that up-regulated Wnt signaling caused the mis-regulation of pro-secretory genes during Notch blockade.

To functionally test whether Wnt attenuation could prevent the secretory cell metaplasia induced by Notch inhibition, secretory cell differentiation and stem cell activity while simultaneously blocking Notch signaling and attenuating Wnt signaling was analyzed. Treatment with Lrp6 blocking antibody alone caused a decrease in the average number of goblet cells per villus compared to controls (6.5 compared to 10.5 goblet cells/villus; n=3, ≧49 villi per sample analyzed). It was observed that the increased goblet cell content and reduced crypt proliferation seen in Notch antibody treated animals was restored to a normal distribution in mice co-treated with Lrp6 blocking antibody (FIG. 7A-D). Thus, co-blockade of Wnt and Notch signaling prevents secretory metaplasia and restores intestine homeostasis. As a definitive test of CBC stem cell activity, Lgr5^(CreER); Rosa^(RFP) mice were treated with both Notch and Lrp6 blocking antibodies after induction of recombination with Tam. Notch and Lrp6 antibody co-treatment dramatically rescued CBC proliferation (FIG. 5T) and stem cell activity (FIG. 7F). CBCs, in this context, no longer express the stem cell markers Lgr5 (inset, FIG. 7F) and Olfm4 (FIG. 4F), indicating that these markers are dispensable for stem cell activity. Together, these data implicate up-regulated Wnt signaling as the mechanism that underlies secretory metaplasia when levels of Notch signaling are reduced.

To complement the above experiments using the anti-LRP6 antibody, we also tested whether a decoy Wnt receptor, Frizzled 8 CRD (F8CRD) (DeAlmeida et al., 2007), could similarly rescue the effect of Notch antibody blockade. As with single agent anti-LRP6 treatment, F8CRD treatment led to down-regulation of Wnt signaling, as assessed by Axin2^(LacZ), and secretory differentiation, as assessed by Math1^(GFP) (FIG. 8). Combined treatment with Notch antibodies and F8CRD led to complete rescue of the secretory metaplasia phenotype (FIG. 7G,H), reinforcing the notion that Notch blockade leads to secretory conversion in large part through driving an increase in Wnt signaling via upregulation of Wnt ligand expression.

Example 7. Discussion

Notch Signaling Antagonizes Wnt Signaling to Maintain Stem Cell Activity

Previous studies have found that Notch activity plays an essential role in maintaining CBCs and TA cell proliferation while preventing secretory differentiation (van Es, van Gijn et al. 2005; VanDussen, Carulli et al. 2012). The data indicate that Notch signaling is active in CBCs and TA cells and is absent from all secretory progenitors and their differentiated progeny. Using function blocking antibodies against Notch receptors, up-regulation of Wnt signaling shortly after Notch blockade was observed, indicating that Notch signaling antagonizes Wnt signaling in the intestinal epithelium. This finding has surprising implications for how Wnt signaling normally regulates the maintenance and activity of CBC stem cells. First, when Wnt signaling is elevated due to Notch blockade, CBC activity and proliferation in the crypt are severely compromised. These phenotypes are likely meditated through increased Wnt ligand expression, particularly Wnt3, and not other downstream components of the Wnt signaling pathway, as CBC activity and TA cell proliferation could be rescued by attenuating Wnt signaling at the ligand and receptor level with either anti-LRP6 or F8CRD. Second, attenuation of normal Wnt signaling levels with anti-LRP6 or F8CRD had no effect on stem cell activity, such that diminished levels of Wnt signaling were sufficient for normal stem cell function. Together, these results indicate that Notch activity is required for maintaining the proper level of Wnt signaling in the crypt that allows for the simultaneous maintenance and activity of ISCs as well as crypt proliferation.

The finding that anti-LRP6 or F8CRD treatment alone failed to reduce CBC activity and TA proliferation is surprising given the ability of these reagents to suppress Wnt target genes. Potential explanations for why these reagents do not completely eliminate Wnt signaling include technical reasons, such as an inability of F8CRD to completely titrate all WNT3 ligand, or partial blockade of Wnt signaling by the anti-LRP6 antibody; alternatively, signaling events initiated by compensating Wnt pathway components may play a role. These ideas are supported by in vitro studies showing that LRP6 ECD selectively binds a subset of WNTs with high affinity (Bourhis et al., 2010). For instance, LRP6 blocking antibodies have been shown to specifically inhibit WNT3 and WNT3a while potentiating other WNT isoforms in signaling assays (Gong et al., 2010). F8CRD is capable of binding four different WNT isoforms, albeit with highly differing affinities (Bourhis et al., 2010). Aside from Wnt3, additional Wnts and the Lrp5 co-receptor are also expressed in the crypt epithelium (Gregorieff et al., 2005), and these may provide alternative signaling mechanisms that are not fully blocked by F8CRD or anti-LRP6.

Our experiments with the anti-LRP6 antibody point to a differential requirement for Wnt signaling in ISC self-renewal and secretory differentiation. This may reflect functional differences between the LRP6 and LRP5 receptors, although a recent report indicates that these molecules are functionally overlapping (Zhong et al., 2012). Wnt signaling attenuation in our studies caused down-regulation of secretory differentiation, while leaving CBC stem cell activity intact. This points to a model in which lower levels of Wnt signaling are needed for stem cell maintenance and higher levels for secretory cell differentiation, which is similar to the gradient of Wnt activity seen in hair follicle stem cell maintenance and differentiation (Blanpain and Fuchs, 2006). However, ISCs are embedded in a WNT-rich environment (Gregorieff et al., 2005), with the expectation that CBCs transduce the highest levels of Wnt signaling. Our analysis of Wnt activity, as assessed by the Axin2^(lacZ) reporter, shows that cells near the border of the stem cell compartment express Axin2^(lacZ) as strongly or even higher than CBCs (FIG. 1AC). Based on these observations, and together with our findings that the highest intensity of nuclear NICD occurs in CBCs and that high expression of the Notch target gene Olfm4 also occurs in CBCs, we propose that the lower level of Wnt signaling needed for ISC activity is achieved through the antagonistic activity of Notch signaling. In line with this hypothesis, Notch blockade caused an increase in Axin2^(lacZ) expression throughout the crypt, with a particular increase in intensity detected at the crypt base (FIG. 5F,J), along with aberrant secretory cell differentiation and a complete loss of ISC activity. The exact mechanism underlying the collaboration between Notch and Wnt signaling in maintenance of ISCs is still unknown, but our rescue experiments suggest that Notch signaling is dispensable for ISC activity as long as the Wnt signaling output approximates normal levels (FIG. 7F). This notion is supported by published work showing that intestinal homeostasis, and presumably ISC activity, remains intact in Math1 mutants when Notch activity is removed. Conversely, NICD-induced progenitor proliferation is dependent on intact Wnt signaling (Munoz-Descalzo et al., 2011).

Notch and Wnt Signaling Interplay Controls Cell Differentiation

Math1/Atoh1, which is negatively regulated by Notch signaling, is the key mediator of secretory metaplasia after Notch loss of function (Kazanjian, Noah et al. 2010). Math1 deletion has been shown to completely prevent secretory cell metaplasia in animals treated with Notch inhibitors (Kazanjian, Noah et al. 2010). In addition to rescuing secretory cell metaplasia, Math1 deletion also restored proliferation after Notch blockade, suggesting that Math1-mediated cell cycle exit is a factor in maintaining crypt homeostasis. It was found that attenuation of the Wnt pathway by treatment with anti-LRP6 restored the normal distribution of Math1-expressing cells, and this treatment rescued the Notch phenotype, including restoration of proliferation Importantly, the notion that increased Wnt signaling mediates the Notch phenotype through up-regulation of Math1 is substantiated by the observation that Lrp6 blockade represses Math1 expression on its own and that Wnt/β-catenin signaling directly regulates Math1 expression in other contexts (Shi, Cheng et al. 2010). We also found that the up-regulation of Axin2^(lacZ) and other Wnt target genes preceded the activation of Math1 and secretory cell metaplasia. During Notch blockade, the small intestine increases the production of Wnts as well as the agonist Rspo4 in the absence of Math1 and the secretory cell lineage. This strongly suggests that the trigger for secretory cell metaplasia in Notch deficient mice is an immediate hyper-activation of the Wnt pathway. Our data, together with previous studies, indicate that Notch activity is required for maintaining the correct balance of Wnt signaling in the crypt, which allows for simultaneous maintenance of ISCs, proliferation, and differentiation. Interestingly, unlike in perinatal mice (Fre, Huyghe et al. 2005), over-expression of NICD in the adult intestine epithelium does not provide a proliferative advantage, lending support to the hypothesis that a primary role of Notch in adult intestine epithelium is to antagonize Wnt signaling, thereby preventing secretory differentiation through subsequent repression of Math1.

Notch and Wnt signaling may also converge on Dll4 expression to fine-tune the Notch signaling output. Here, it was found that Math1 expression correlates with Dll4 expression (FIG. 8I), and DLL4 protein rapidly accumulates on Math1-expressing secretory cells during Notch blockade, (FIG. 8O). Although it remains unclear if Dll4 is a bona fide Wnt target, overlapping domains of Dll4 expression and Axin2^(lacZ) were detected (FIG. 8J). Elevated levels of Dll4 could down-regulate Notch activity in the cells sending the signal through cis-inhibition, such that Wnt signaling could indirectly attenuate Notch signaling by promoting Math1/Dll4 expression in the secretory lineage. Wnt signaling has multiple roles during differentiation of secretory cells, especially in the case of Paneth cells (Bastide, Darido et al. 2007; Fevr, Robine et al. 2007). In line with this idea, the up-regulation of several key secretory genes due to Notch blockade was partially rescued by the LRP6 blocking antibody, including Math1, Hes1, Pax4, Dll1, Dll4 and Ngn3.

Regulation of Wnt Signaling Outputs by Notch Signaling

The experiments described herein with the anti-LRP6 antibody point to a differential requirement for Wnt signaling in ISC self-renewal and secretory differentiation. This may reflect a functional difference between the LRP6 and LRP5 receptor although a recent report finds the activity of these molecules to be compensatory (Zhong, Baker et al. 2012). Wnt signaling attenuation in these studies caused down-regulation of secretory differentiation, while leaving CBC stem cell activity intact. This suggests that lower levels of Wnt signaling are needed for stem cell maintenance and higher levels for secretory cell differentiation. This scenario is similar to the gradient of Wnt activity seen in hair follicle stem cell maintenance and differentiation (Blanpain and Fuchs 2006). However, ISCs are embedded in a Wnt-rich environment (Gregorieff, Pinto et al. 2005), such that Wnt activity, as assessed by the Axin2^(lacZ) reporter, is strongest at the crypt base and becomes weaker toward the villus (FIG. 1A-C). Thus, based on these observations and the finding that the highest intensity of nuclear NICD occurs in CBCs and that high expression of the Notch target gene Olfm4 also occurs in CBCs, it was proposed that the lower level of Wnt signaling needed for ISC activity is achieved through the antagonistic activity of Notch signaling. In line with this hypothesis, Notch blockade caused an increase in Axin2^(LacZ) expression throughout the crypt, with a particular increase in intensity at the crypt base (FIG. 5F,J), along with aberrant secretory cell differentiation and a complete loss of ISC activity. The exact mechanism underlying the collaboration between Notch and Wnt signaling in maintenance of ISCs is still unknown, but the rescue experiments suggest that Notch signaling is dispensable for ISC activity as long as the Wnt signaling output approximates normal levels (FIG. 7F). This notion is supported by published work showing that intestinal homeostasis, and presumably ISC activity, remain intact in Math1 mutants when Notch activity is removed. Conversely, NICD-induced progenitor proliferation is dependent on intact Wnt signaling (Munoz-Descalzo, Tkocz et al. 2011).

Notch/Wnt Interaction in Other Contexts

The interaction between Wnt and Notch signaling described here may be a common theme in stem cell biology. For example, deletion of the Notch1 receptor in mouse skin causes inappropriate activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the epidermis and impaired differentiation in primary keratinocytes, as well as excess β-catenin accumulation in the eye epithelium leading to Wnt dependent hyper-proliferation (Nicolas, Wolfer et al. 2003). In cardiac progenitors, loss of Notch mimics a gain of function β-catenin phenotype, and in mouse embryonic stem cells, an antagonistic effect of Notch on Wnt signaling was attributed to non-canonical Notch receptor mediated degradation of β-catenin (Kwon, Qian et al. 2009; Kwon, Cheng et al. 2011). This work indicates that Notch signaling normally serves as a natural brake on the Wnt pathway, and that attenuation of Notch signaling releases the brake and allows for high levels of Wnt signaling. Thus, in certain contexts, it may be beneficial to attenuate Notch signaling in order to assist Wnt-mediated injury repair and stem cell-fueled regeneration.

Finally, the interaction between Wnt and Notch signaling in ISCs has important implications for the use of Notch pathway inhibitors. Intestinal goblet cell metaplasia is a major challenge in the development of therapies that block Notch signaling, such as the γ-secretase inhibitors that hold promise for the treatment of Alzheimer disease or of cancers that are caused by mutations in the NOTCH pathway. The intestinal metaplasia disrupts nutrient absorption, and animals succumb due to severe weight loss under long term Notch blockade. By modulation of Wnt signaling, the intestinal metaplasia toxicity and the lethality associated with Notch blockade was overcome. These results suggest that layering Wnt signaling attenuation on top of γ-secretase inhibition or other pathways that block Notch signaling can potentially overcome the intestinal toxicity associated with such treatments, thus allowing for long term dosing with such therapies.

In addition to the above experiments using the anti-LRP6 antibody, a decoy Wnt receptor, Frizzled 8 CRD (FZD8CRD) (DeAlmeida, Miao et al. 2007) was also tested to determine whether it could similarly rescue the effect of Notch antibody blockade. As with anti-Lrp6 treatment alone, FZD8CRD treatment alone led to down-regulation of Wnt signaling, as assessed by Axin2^(LacZ), and secretory differentiation, as assessed by Math1^(GFP) (FIG. 8). Combined treatment with Notch antibodies and FZD8CRD led to complete rescue of the secretory metaplasia phenotype (FIG. 7G-I), and importantly, this treatment combination also rescued the weight loss and lethality induced by Notch blocking antibodies (FIG. 7l). Because Notch signaling plays diverse roles in organ homeostasis and Notch/Wnt interactions may be prevalent in other systems, it cannot be concluded that rescue of weight loss and lethality is the result of secretory cell metaplasia suppression alone. Anti-Lrp6 treatments in combination with Notch antibodies gave similar results in terms of secretory cell metaplasia suppression, however these mice continued to lose weight at a similar rate compared to treatment with anti-Notch alone. Without intending to be bound by any particular theory, it is possible that the FZD8CRD acts less broadly than the LRP6 blockade, and therefore this reagent is able to rescue the effects in the intestine without causing other problems for the animal.

Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity of understanding, the descriptions and examples should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention. The disclosures of all patent and scientific literature cited herein are expressly incorporated in their entirety by reference.

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Table of Sequences SEQ ID NO Description Sequence   1 Human Jag1 MRSPRTRGRS GRPLSLLLAL LCALRAKVCG ASGQFELEIL SMQNVNGELQ precursor NGNCCGGARN PGDRKCTRDE CDTYFKVCLK EYQSRVTAGG PCSFGSGSTP aa 1-33: signal VIGGNTFNLK ASRGNDRNRI VLPFSFAWPR SYTLLVEAWD SSNDTVQPDS aa 34-1218: IIEKASHSGM INPSRQWQTL KQNTGVAHFE YQIRVTCDDY YYGFGCNKFC mature RPRDDFFGHY ACDQNGNKTC MEGWMGPECN RAICRQGCSP KHGSCKLPGD aa 34-1067: CRCQYGWQGL YCDKCIPHPG CVHGICNEPW QCLCETNWGG QLCDKDLNYC extracellular GTHQPCLNGG TCSNTGPDKY QCSCPEGYSG PNCEIAEHAC LSDPCHNRGS domain CKETSLGFEC ECSPGWTGPT CSTNIDDCSP NNCSHGGTCQ DLVNGFKCVC PPQWTGKTCQ LDANECEAKP CVNAKSCKNL IASYYCDCLP GWMGQNCDIN INDCLGQCQN DASCRDLVNG YRCICPPGYA GDHCERDIDE CASNPCLNGG HCQNEINRFQ CLCPTGFSGN LCQLDIDYCE PNPCQNGAQC YNRASDYFCK CPEDYEGKNC SHLKDHCRTT PCEVIDSCTV AMASNDTPEG VRYISSNVCG PHGKCKSQSG GKFTCDCNKG FTGTYCHENI NDCESNPCRN GGTCIDGVNS YKCICSDGWE GAYCETNIND CSQNPCHNGG TCRDLVNDFY CDCKNGWKGK TCHSRDSQCD EATCNNGGTC YDEGDAFKCM CPGGWEGTTC NIARNSSCLP NPCHNGGTCV VNGESFTCVC KEGWEGPICA QNTNDCSPHP CYNSGTCVDG DNWYRCECAP GFAGPDCRIN INECQSSPCA FGATCVDEIN GYRCVCPPGH SGAKCQEVSG RPCITMGSVI PDGAKWDDDC NTCQCLNGRI ACSKVWCGPR PCLLHKGHSE CPSGQSCIPI LDDQCFVHPC TGVGECRSSS LQPVKTKCTS DSYYQDNCAN ITFTFNKEMM SPGLTTEHIC SELRNLNILK NVSAEYSIYI ACEPSPSANN EIHVAISAED IRDDGNPIKE ITDKIIDLVS KRDGNSSLIA AVAEVRVQRR PLKNRTDFLV PLLSSVLTVA WICCLVTAFY WCLRKRRKPG SHTHSASEDN TTNNVREQLN QIKNPIEKHG ANTVPIKDYE NKNSKMSKIR THNSEVEEDD MDKHQQKARF AKQPAYTLVD REEKPPNGTP TKHPNWTNKQ DNRDLESAQS LNRMEYIV   2 Murine Jag1 MRSPRTRGRP GRPLSLLLAL LCALRAKVCG ASGQFELEIL SMQNVNGELQ NGNCCGGVRN PGDRKCTRDE CDTYFKVCLK EYQSRVTAGG PCSFGSGSTP VIGGNTFNLK ASRGNDRNRI VLPFSFAWPR SYTLLVEAWD SSNDTIQPDS IIEKASHSGM INPSRQWQTL KQNTGIAHFE YQIRVTCDDH YYGFGCNKFC RPRDDFFGHY ACDQNGNKTC MEGWMGPDCN KAICRQGCSP KHGSCKLPGD CRCQYGWQGL YCDKCIPHPG CVHGTCNEPW QCLCETNWGG QLCDKDLNYC GTHQPCLNRG TCSNTGPDKY QCSCPEGYSG PNCEIAEHAC LSDPCHNRGS CKETSSGFEC ECSPGWTGPT CSTNIDDCSP NNCSHGGTCQ DLVNGFKCVC PPQWTGKTCQ LDANECEAKP CVNARSCKNL IASYYCDCLP GWMGQNCDIN INDCLGQCQN DASCRDLVNG YRCICPPGYA GDHCERDIDE CASNPCLNGG HCQNEINRFQ CLCPTGFSGN LCQLDIDYCE PNPCQNGAQC YNRASDYFCK CPEDYEGKNC SHLKDHCRTT TCEVIDSCTV AMASNDTPEG VRYISSNVCG PHGKCKSQSG GKFTCDCNKG FTGTYCHENI NDCESNPCKN GGTCIDGVNS YKCICSDGWE GAHCENNIND CSQNPCHYGG TCRDLVNDFY CDCKNGWKGK TCHSRDSQCD EATCNNGGTC YDEVDTFKCM CPGGWEGTTC NIARNSSCLP NPCHNGGTCV VNGDSFTCVC KEGWEGPICT QNTNDCSPHP CYNSGTCVDG DNWYRCECAP GFAGPDCRIN INECQSSPCA FGATCVDEIN GYQCICPPGH SGAKCHEVSG RSCITMGRVI LDGAKWDDDC NTCQCLNGRV ACSKVWCGPR PCRLHKSHNE CPSGQSCIPV LDDQCFVRPC TGVGECRSSS LQPVKTKCTS DSYYQDNCAN ITFTFNKEMM SPGLTTEHIC SELRNLNILK NVSAEYSIYI ACEPSLSANN EIHVAISAED IRDDGNPVKE ITDKIIDLVS KRDGNSSLIA AVAEVRVQRR PLKNRTDFLV PLLSSVLTVA WVCCLVTAFY WCVRKRRKPS SHTHSAPEDN TTNNVREQLN QIKNPIEKHG ANTVPIKDYE NKNSKMSKIR THNSEVEEDD MDKHQQKVRF AKQPVYTLVD REEKAPSGTP TKHPNWTNKQ DNRDLESAQS LNRMEYIV   3 Human Jag2 MRAQGRGRLP RRLLLLLALW VQAARPMGYF ELQLSALRNV NGELLSGACC precursor DGDGRTTRAG GCGHDECDTY VRVCLKEYQA KVTPTGPCSY GHGATPVLGG aa 1-23: signal NSFYLPPAGA AGDRARARAR AGGDQDPGLV VIPFQFAWPR SFTLIVEAWD aa 24-1238: WDNDTTPNEE LLIERVSHAG MINPEDRWKS LHFSGHVAHL ELQIRVRCDE mature NYYSATCNKF CRPRNDFFGH YTCDQYGNKA CMDGWMGKEC KEAVCKQGCN aa 24-1080: LLHGGCTVPG ECRCSYGWQG RFCDECVPYP GCVHGSCVEP WQCNCETNWG extracellular GLLCDKDLNY CGSHHPCTNG GTCINAEPDQ YRCTCPDGYS GRNCEKAEHA domain CTSNPCANGG SCHEVPSGFE CHCPSGWSGP TCALDIDECA SNPCAAGGTC VDQVDGFECI CPEQWVGATC QLDANECEGK PCLNAFSCKN LIGGYYCDCI PGWKGINCHI NVNDCRGQCQ HGGTCKDLVN GYQCVCPRGF GGRHCELERD ECASSPCHSG GLCEDLADGF HCHCPQGFSG PLCEVDVDLC EPSPCRNGAR CYNLEGDYYC ACPDDFGGKN CSVPREPCPG GACRVIDGCG SDAGPGMPGT AASGVCGPHG RCVSQPGGNF SCICDSGFTG TYCHENIDDC LGQPCRNGGT CIDEVDAFRC FCPSGWEGEL CDTNPNDCLP DPCHSRGRCY DLVNDFYCAC DDGWKGKTCH SREFQCDAYT CSNGGTCYDS GDTFRCACPP GWKGSTCAVA KNSSCLPNPC VNGGTCVGSG ASFSCICRDG WEGRTCTHNT NDCNPLPCYN GGICVDGVNW FRCECAPGFA GPDCRINIDE CQSSPCAYGA TCVDEINGYR CSCPPGRAGP RCQEVIGFGR SCWSRGTPFP HGSSWVEDCN SCRCLDGRRD CSKVWCGWKP CLLAGQPEAL SAQCPLGQRC LEKAPGQCLR PPCEAWGECG AEEPPSTPCL PRSGHLDNNC ARLTLHFNRD HVPQGTTVGA ICSGIRSLPA TRAVARDRLL VLLCDRASSG ASAVEVAVSF SPARDLPDSS LIQGAAHAIV AAITQRGNSS LLLAVTEVKV ETVVTGGSST GLLVPVLCGA FSVLWLACVV LCVWWTRKRR KERERSRLPR EESANNQWAP LNPIRNPIER PGGHKDVLYQ CKNFTPPPRR ADEALPGPAG HAAVREDEED EDLGRGEEDS LEAEKFLSHK FTKDPGRSPG RPAHWASGPK VDNRAVRSIN EARYAGKE   4 Murine Jag2 MRARGWGRLP RRLLLLLVLC VQATRPMGYF ELQLSALRNV NGELLSGACC DGDGRTTRAG GCGRDECDTY VRVCLKEYQA KVTPTGPCSY GYGATPVLGG NSFYLPPAGA AGDRARARSR TGGHQDPGLV VIPFQFAWPR SFTLIVEAWD WDNDTTPDEE LLIERVSHAG MINPEDRWKS LHFSGHVAHL ELQIRVRCDE NYYSATCNKF CRPRNDFFGH YTCDQYGNKA CMDGWMGKEC KEAVCKQGCN LLHGGCTVPG ECRCSYGWQG KFCDECVPYP GCVHGSCVEP WHCDCETNWG GLLCDKDLNY CGSHHPCVNG GTCINAEPDQ YLCACPDGYL GKNCERAEHA CASNPCANGG SCHEVPSGFE CHCPSGWSGP TCALDIDECA SNPCAAGGTC VDQVDGFECI CPEQWVGATC QLDANECEGK PCLNAFSCKN LIGGYYCDCL PGWKGINCQI NINDCHGQCQ HGGTCKDLVN GYQCVCPRGF GGRHCELEYD KCASSPCRRG GICEDLVDGF RCHCPRGLSG LHCEVDMDLC EPSPCLNGAR CYNLEGDYYC ACPEDFGGKN CSVPRDTCPG GACRVIDGCG FEAGSRARGV APSGICGPHG HCVSLPGGNF SCICDSGFTG TYCHENIDDC MGQPCRNGGT CIDEVDSFRC FCPSGWEGEL CDINPNDCLP DPCHSRGRCY DLVNDFYCAC DDGWKGKTCH SREFQCDAYT CSNGGTCYDS GDTFRCACPP GWKGSTCTIA KNSSCVPNPC VNGGTCVGSG DSFSCICRDG WEGRTCTHNT NDCNPLPCYN GGICVDGVNW FRCECAPGFA GPDCRINIDE CQSSPCAYGA TCVDEINGYR CSCPPGRSGP RCQEVVIFTR PCWSRGMSFP HGSSWMEDCN SCRCLDGHRD CSKVWCGWKP CLLSGQPSDP SAQCPPGQQC QEKAVGQCLQ PPCENWGECT AEEPLPPSTP CQPRSSHLDN NCARLTLRFN RDQVPQGTTV GAICSGIRAL PATRAAAHDR LLLLLCDRAS SGASAVEVAM SFSPARDLPD SSLIQSTAHA IVAAITQRGN SSLLLAVTEV KVETVVMGGS STGLLVPVLC SVFSVLWLAC VVICVWWTRK RRKERERSRL PRDESTNNQW APLNPIRNPI ERPGGSGLGT GGHKDILYQC KNFTPPPRRA GEALPGPAGH GAGGEDEEDE ELSRGDGDSP EAEKFISHKF TKDPSCSLGR PACWAPGPKV DNRAVRSTKD VRRAGRE   5 Murine Jag1-DSL- ADLGSQFELE ILSMQNVNGE LQNGNCCGGV RNPGDRKCTR DECDTYFKVC EGF1-4 (mouse LKEYQSRVTA GGPCSFGSGS TPVIGGNTFN LKASRGNDRN RIVLPFSFAW Jag1 antigen) PRSYTLLVEA WDSSNDTIQP DSIIEKASHS GMINPSRQWQ TLKQNTGIAH FEYQIRVTCD DHYYGFGCNK FCRPRDDFFG HYACDQNGNK TCMEGWMGPD CNKAICRQGC SPKHGSCKLP GDCRCQYGWQ GLYCDKCIPH PGCVHGTCNE PWQCLCETNW GGQLCDKDLN YCGTHQPCLN RGTCSNTGPD KYQCSCPEGY SGPNCEIAEH ACLSDPCHNR GSCKETSSGF ECECSPGWTG PTCSTNIDDE FGLVPRGSGH HHHHH   6 human Jag1-DSL- QFELEILSMQ NVNGELQNGN CCGGARNPGD RKCTRDECDT YFKVCLKEYQ EGF1-4 (human SRVTAGGPCS FGSGSTPVIG GNTFNLKASR GNDRNRIVLP FSFAWPRSYT Jag1 antigen) LLVEAWDSSN DTVQPDSIIE KASHSGMINP SRQWQTLKQN TGVAHFEYQI RVTCDDYYYG FGCNKFCRPR DDFFGHYACD QNGNKTCMEG WMGPECNRAI CRQGCSPKHG SCKLGDCRCQ YGWQGLYCDK CIPHPGCVHG ICNEPWQCLC ETNWGGQLCD KDLNYCGTHQ PCLNGGTCSN TGPDKYQCSC PEGYSGPNCE IAEHACLSDP CHNRGSCKET SLGFECECSP GWTGPTCSTN IDD   7 murine Jag2-DSL- ADLGSMGYFE LQLSALRNVN GELLSGACCD GDGRTTRAGG CGRDECDTYV EGF1-4 (mouse RVCLKEYQAK VTPTGPCSYG YGATPVLGGN SFYLPPAGAA GDRARARSRT Jag2 antigen) GGHQDPGLVV IPFQFAWPRS FTLIVEAWDW DNDTTPDEEL LIERVSHAGM INPEDRWKSL HFSGHVAHLE LQIRVRCDEN YYSATCNKFC RPRNDFFGHY TCDQYGNKAC MDGWMGKECK EAVCKQGCNL LHGGCTVPGE CRCSYGWQGK FCDECVPYPG CVHGSCVEPW HCDCETNWGG LLCDKDLNYC GSHHPCVNGG TCINAEPDQY LCACPDGYLG KNCERAEHAC ASNPCANGGS CHEVPSGFEC HCPSGWNGPT CALDIDEEFG LVPRGSGHHH HHH   8 human Jag2-DSL- ARPMGYFELQ LSALRNVNGE LLSGACCDGD GRTTRAGGCG HDECDTYVRV EGF1-4 (human CLKEYQAKVT PTGPCSYGHG ATPVLGGNSF YLPPAGAAGD RARARARAGG Jag2 antigen) DQDPGLVVIP FQFAWPRSFT LIVEAWDWDN DTTPNEELLI ERVSHAGMIN PEDRWKSLHF SGHVAHLELQ IRVRCDENYY SATCNKFCRP RNDFFGHYTC DQYGNKACMD GWMGKECKEA VCKQGCNLLH GGCTVPGECR CSYGWQGRFC DECVPYPGCV HGSCVEPWQC NCETNWGGLL CDKDLNYCGS HHPCTNGGTC INAEPDQYRC TCPDGYSGRN CEKAEHACTS NPCANGGSCH EVPSGFECHC PSGWSGPTCA LDIDEEFGLV PRGSGHHHHH H   9 Human Notch1 MPPLLAPLLC LALLPALAAR GPRCSQPGET CLNGGKCEAA NGTEACVCGG precursor AFVGPRCQDP NPCLSTPCKN AGTCHVVDRR GVADYACSCA LGFSGPLCLT (UniProtKB/ PLDNACLTNP CRNGGTCDLL TLTEYKCRCP PGWSGKSCQQ ADPCASNPCA Swiss-Prot: NGGQCLPFEA SYICHCPPSF HGPTCRQDVN ECGQKPGLCR HGGTCHNEVG P46531.4) SYRCVCRATH TGPNCERPYV PCSPSPCQNG GTCRPTGDVT HECACLPGFT aa 1-18: signal GQNCEENIDD CPGNNCKNGG ACVDGVNTYN CRCPPEWTGQ YCTEDVDECQ aa 19-2555: LMPNACQNGG TCHNTHGGYN CVCVNGWTGE DCSENIDDCA SAACFHGATC mature HDRVASFYCE CPHGRTGLLC HLNDACISNP CNEGSNCDTN PVNGKAICTC aa 20-1426: EGF- PSGYTGPACS QDVDECSLGA NPCEHAGKCI NTLGSFECQC LQGYTGPRCE like repeat domain IDVNECVSNP CQNDATCLDQ IGEFQCICMP GYEGVHCEVN TDECASSPCL aa ~1307-1732: HNGRCLDKIN EFQCECPTGF TGHLCQYDVD ECASTPCKNG AKCLDGPNTY negative TCVCTEGYTG THCEVDIDEC DPDPCHYGSC KDGVATFTCL CRPGYTGHHC regulatory region ETNINECSSQ PCRHGGTCQD RDNAYLCFCL KGTTGPNCEI NLDDCASSPC (NRR) DSGTCLDKID GYECACEPGY TGSMCNINID ECAGNPCHNG GTCEDGINGF TCRCPEGYHD PTCLSEVNEC NSNPCVHGAC RDSLNGYKCD CDPGWSGTNC DINNNECESN PCVNGGTCKD MTSGYVCTCR EGFSGPNCQT NINECASNPC LNQGTCIDDV AGYKCNCLLP YTGATCEVVL APCAPSPCRN GGECRQSEDY ESFSCVCPTG WQGQTCEVDI NECVLSPCRH GASCQNTHGG YRCHCQAGYS GRNCETDIDD CRPNPCHNGG SCTDGINTAF CDCLPGFRGT FCEEDINECA SDPCRNGANC TDCVDSYTCT CPAGFSGIHC ENNTPDCTES SCFNGGTCVD GINSFTCLCP PGFTGSYCQH DVNECDSQPC LHGGTCQDGC GSYRCTCPQG YTGPNCQNLV HWCDSSPCKN GGKCWQTHTQ YRCECPSGWT GLYCDVPSVS CEVAAQRQGV DVARLCQHGG LCVDAGNTHH CRCQAGYTGS YCEDLVDECS PSPCQNGATC TDYLGGYSCK CVAGYHGVNC SEEIDECLSH PCQNGGTCLD LPNTYKCSCP RGTQGVHCEI NVDDCNPPVD PVSRSPKCFN NGTCVDQVGG YSCTCPPGFV GERCEGDVNE CLSNPCDARG TQNCVQRVND FHCECRAGHT GRRCESVING CKGKPCKNGG TCAVASNTAR GFICKCPAGF EGATCENDAR TCGSLRCLNG GTCISGPRSP TCLCLGPFTG PECQFPASSP CLGGNPCYNQ GTCEPTSESP FYRCLCPAKF NGLLCHILDY SFGGGAGRDI PPPLIEEACE LPECQEDAGN KVCSLQCNNH ACGWDGGDCS LNFNDPWKNC TQSLQCWKYF SDGHCDSQCN SAGCLFDGFD CQRAEGQCNP LYDQYCKDHF SDGHCDQGCN SAECEWDGLD CAEHVPERLA AGTLVVVVLM PPEQLRNSSF HFLRELSRVL HTNVVFKRDA HGQQMIFPYY GREEELRKHP IKRAAEGWAA PDALLGQVKA SLLPGGSEGG RRRRELDPMD VRGSIVYLEI DNRQCVQASS QCFQSATDVA AFLGALASLG SLNIPYKIEA VQSETVEPPP PAQLHFMYVA AAAFVLLFFV GCGVLLSRKR RRQHGQLWFP EGFKVSEASK KKRREPLGED SVGLKPLKNA SDGALMDDNQ NEWGDEDLET KKFRFEEPVV LPDLDDQTDH RQWTQQHLDA ADLRMSAMAP TPPQGEVDAD CMDVNVRGPD GFTPLMIASC SGGGLETGNS EEEEDAPAVI SDFIYQGASL HNQTDRTGET ALHLAARYSR SDAAKRLLEA SADANIQDNM GRTPLHAAVS ADAQGVFQIL IRNRATDLDA RMHDGTTPLI LAARLAVEGM LEDLINSHAD VNAVDDLGKS ALHWAAAVNN VDAAVVLLKN GANKDMQNNR EETPLFLAAR EGSYETAKVL LDHFANRDIT DHMDRLPRDI AQERMHHDIV RLLDEYNLVR SPQLHGAPLG GTPTLSPPLC SPNGYLGSLK PGVQGKKVRK PSSKGLACGS KEAKDLKARR KKSQDGKGCL LDSSGMLSPV DSLESPHGYL SDVASPPLLP SPFQQSPSVP LNHLPGMPDT HLGIGHLNVA AKPEMAALGG GGRLAFETGP PRLSHLPVAS GTSTVLGSSS GGALNFTVGG STSLNGQCEW LSRLQSGMVP NQYNPLRGSV APGPLSTQAP SLQHGMVGPL HSSLAASALS QMMSYQGLPS TRLATQPHLV QTQQVQPQNL QMQQQNLQPA NIQQQQSLQP PPPPPQPHLG VSSAASGHLG RSFLSGEPSQ ADVQPLGPSS LAVHTILPQE SPALPTSLPS SLVPPVTAAQ FLTPPSQHSY SSPVDNTPSH QLQVPEHPFL TPSPESPDQW SSSSPHSNVS DWSEGVSSPP TSMQSQIARI PEAFK  10 Human Notch2 MPALRPALLW ALLALWLCCA APAHALQCRD GYEPCVNEGM CVTYHNGTGY precursor CKCPEGFLGE YCQHRDPCEK NRCQNGGTCV AQAMLGKATC RCASGFTGED (UniProtKB/ CQYSTSHPCF VSRPCLNGGT CHMLSRDTYE CTCQVGFTGK ECQWTDACLS Swiss-Prot: HPCANGSTCT TVANQFSCKC LTGFTGQKCE TDVNECDIPG HCQHGGTCLN Q04721.3); LPGSYQCQCP QGFTGQYCDS LYVPCAPSPC VNGGTCRQTG DFTFECNCLP aa 1-25: signal GFEGSTCERN IDDCPNHRCQ NGGVCVDGVN TYNCRCPPQW TGQFCTEDVD aa 26-2471: ECLLQPNACQ NGGTCANRNG GYGCVCVNGW SGDDCSENID DCAFASCTPG mature STCIDRVASF SCMCPEGKAG LLCHLDDACI SNPCHKGALC DTNPLNGQYI aa 26-1412: EGF- CTCPQGYKGA DCTEDVDECA MANSNPCEHA GKCVNTDGAF HCECLKGYAG like repeat domain PRCEMDINEC HSDPCQNDAT CLDKIGGFTC LCMPGFKGVH CELEINECQS aa ~1422-1677: NPCVNNGQCV DKVNRFQCLC PPGFTGPVCQ IDIDDCSSTP CLNGAKCIDH negative PNGYECQCAT GFTGVLCEEN IDNCDPDPCH HGQCQDGIDS YTCICNPGYM regulatory region GAICSDQIDE CYSSPCLNDG RCIDLVNGYQ CNCQPGTSGV NCEINFDDCA (NRR) SNPCIHGICM DGINRYSCVC SPGFTGQRCN IDIDECASNP CRKGATCING VNGFRCICPE GPHHPSCYSQ VNECLSNPCI HGNCTGGLSG YKCLCDAGWV GINCEVDKNE CLSNPCQNGG TCDNLVNGYR CTCKKGFKGY NCQVNIDECA SNPCLNQGTC FDDISGYTCH CVLPYTGKNC QTVLAPCSPN PCENAAVCKE SPNFESYTCL CAPGWQGQRC TIDIDECISK PCMNHGLCHN TQGSYMCECP PGFSGMDCEE DIDDCLANPC QNGGSCMDGV NTFSCLCLPG FTGDKCQTDM NECLSEPCKN GGTCSDYVNS YTCKCQAGFD GVHCENNINE CTESSCFNGG TCVDGINSFS CLCPVGFTGS FCLHEINECS SHPCLNEGTC VDGLGTYRCS CPLGYTGKNC QTLVNLCSRS PCKNKGTCVQ KKAESQCLCP SGWAGAYCDV PNVSCDIAAS RRGVLVEHLC QHSGVCINAG NTHYCQCPLG YTGSYCEEQL DECASNPCQH GATCSDFIGG YRCECVPGYQ GVNCEYEVDE CQNQPCQNGG TCIDLVNHFK CSCPPGTRGL LCEENIDDCA RGPHCLNGGQ CMDRIGGYSC RCLPGFAGER CEGDINECLS NPCSSEGSLD CIQLTNDYLC VCRSAFTGRH CETFVDVCPQ MPCLNGGTCA VASNMPDGFI CRCPPGFSGA RCQSSCGQVK CRKGEQCVHT ASGPRCFCPS PRDCESGCAS SPCQHGGSCH PQRQPPYYSC QCAPPFSGSR CELYTAPPST PPATCLSQYC ADKARDGVCD EACNSHACQW DGGDCSLTME NPWANCSSPL PCWDYINNQC DELCNTVECL FDNFECQGNS KTCKYDKYCA DHFKDNHCDQ GCNSEECGWD GLDCAADQPE NLAEGTLVIV VLMPPEQLLQ DARSFLRALG TLLHTNLRIK RDSQGELMVY PYYGEKSAAM KKQRMTRRSL PGEQEQEVAG SKVFLEIDNR QCVQDSDHCF KNTDAAAALL ASHAIQGTLS YPLVSVVSES LTPERTQLLY LLAVAVVIIL FIILLGVIMA KRKRKHGSLW LPEGFTLRRD ASNHKRREPV GQDAVGLKNL SVQVSEANLI GTGTSEHWVD DEGPQPKKVK AEDEALLSEE DDPIDRRPWT QQHLEAADIR RTPSLALTPP QAEQEVDVLD VNVRGPDGCT PLMLASLRGG SSDLSDEDED AEDSSANIIT DLVYQGASLQ AQTDRTGEMA LHLAARYSRA DAAKRLLDAG ADANAQDNMG RCPLHAAVAA DAQGVFQILI RNRVTDLDAR MNDGTTPLIL AARLAVEGMV AELINCQADV NAVDDHGKSA LHWAAAVNNV EATLLLLKNG ANRDMQDNKE ETPLFLAARE GSYEAAKILL DHFANRDITD HMDRLPRDVA RDRMHHDIVR LLDEYNVTPS PPGTVLTSAL SPVICGPNRS FLSLKHTPMG KKSRRPSAKS TMPTSLPNLA KEAKDAKGSR RKKSLSEKVQ LSESSVTLSP VDSLESPHTY VSDTTSSPMI TSPGILQASP NPMLATAAPP APVHAQHALS FSNLHEMQPL AHGASTVLPS VSQLLSHHHI VSPGSGSAGS LSRLHPVPVP ADWMNRMEVN ETQYNEMFGM VLAPAEGTHP GIAPQSRPPE GKHITTPREP LPPIVTFQLI PKGSIAQPAG APQPQSTCPP AVAGPLPTMY QIPEMARLPS VAFPTAMMPQ QDGQVAQTIL PAYHPFPASV GKYPTPPSQH SYASSNAAER TPSHSGHLQG EHPYLTPSPE SPDQWSSSSP HSASDWSDVT TSPTPGGAGG GQRGPGTHMS EPPHNNMQVY A  11 Human Notch3 MGPGARGRRR RRRPMSPPPP PPPVRALPLL LLLAGPGAAA PPCLDGSPCA precursor NGGRCTQLPS REAACLCPPG WVGERCQLED PCHSGPCAGR GVCQSSVVAG (UniProtKB/ TARFSCRCPR GFRGPDCSLP DPCLSSPCAH GARCSVGPDG RFLCSCPPGY Swiss-Prot:  QGRSCRSDVD ECRVGEPCRH GGTCLNTPGS FRCQCPAGYT GPLCENPAVP Q9UM47.2) CAPSPCRNGG TCRQSGDLTY DCACLPGFEG QNCEVNVDDC PGHRCLNGGT aa 1-39: signal CVDGVNTYNC QCPPEWTGQF CTEDVDECQL QPNACHNGGT CFNTLGGHSC aa 40-2321: VCVNGWTGES CSQNIDDCAT AVCFHGATCH DRVASFYCAC PMGKTGLLCH mature LDDACVSNPC HEDAICDTNP VNGRAICTCP PGFTGGACDQ DVDECSIGAN aa 40-1373: EGF- PCEHLGRCVN TQGSFLCQCG RGYTGPRCET DVNECLSGPC RNQATCLDRI like repeat domain GQFTCICMAG FTGTYCEVDI DECQSSPCVN GGVCKDRVNG FSCTCPSGFS aa ~1378-1640: GSTCQLDVDE CASTPCRNGA KCVDQPDGYE CRCAEGFEGT LCDRNVDDCS negative PDPCHHGRCV DGIASFSCAC APGYTGTRCE SQVDECRSQP CRHGGKCLDL regulatory region VDKYLCRCPS GTTGVNCEVN IDDCASNPCT FGVCRDGINR YDCVCQPGFT (NRR) GPLCNVEINE CASSPCGEGG SCVDGENGFR CLCPPGSLPP LCLPPSHPCA HEPCSHGICY DAPGGFRCVC EPGWSGPRCS QSLARDACES QPCRAGGTCS SDGMGFHCTC PPGVQGRQCE LLSPCTPNPC EHGGRCESAP GQLPVCSCPQ GWQGPRCQQD VDECAGPAPC GPHGICTNLA GSFSCTCHGG YTGPSCDQDI NDCDPNPCLN GGSCQDGVGS FSCSCLPGFA GPRCARDVDE CLSNPCGPGT CTDHVASFTC TCPPGYGGFH CEQDLPDCSP SSCFNGGTCV DGVNSFSCLC RPGYTGAHCQ HEADPCLSRP CLHGGVCSAA HPGFRCTCLE SFTGPQCQTL VDWCSRQPCQ NGGRCVQTGA YCLCPPGWSG RLCDIRSLPC REAAAQIGVR LEQLCQAGGQ CVDEDSSHYC VCPEGRTGSH CEQEVDPCLA QPCQHGGTCR GYMGGYMCEC LPGYNGDNCE DDVDECASQP CQHGGSCIDL VARYLCSCPP GTLGVLCEIN EDDCGPGPPL DSGPRCLHNG TCVDLVGGFR CTCPPGYTGL RCEADINECR SGACHAAHTR DCLQDPGGGF RCLCHAGFSG PRCQTVLSPC ESQPCQHGGQ CRPSPGPGGG LTFTCHCAQP FWGPRCERVA RSCRELQCPV GVPCQQTPRG PRCACPPGLS GPSCRSFPGS PPGASNASCA AAPCLHGGSC RPAPLAPFFR CACAQGWTGP RCEAPAAAPE VSEEPRCPRA ACQAKRGDQR CDRECNSPGC GWDGGDCSLS VGDPWRQCEA LQCWRLFNNS RCDPACSSPA CLYDNFDCHA GGRERTCNPV YEKYCADHFA DGRCDQGCNT EECGWDGLDC ASEVPALLAR GVLVLTVLLP PEELLRSSAD FLQRLSAILR TSLRFRLDAH GQAMVFPYHR PSPGSEPRAR RELAPEVIGS VVMLEIDNRL CLQSPENDHC FPDAQSAADY LGALSAVERL DFPYPLRDVR GEPLEPPEPS VPLLPLLVAG AVLLLVILVL GVMVARRKRE HSTLWFPEGF SLHKDVASGH KGRREPVGQD ALGMKNMAKG ESLMGEVATD WMDTECPEAK RLKVEEPGMG AEEAVDCRQW TQHHLVAADI RVAPAMALTP PQGDADADGM DVNVRGPDGF TPLMLASFCG GALEPMPTEE DEADDTSASI ISDLICQGAQ LGARTDRTGE TALHLAARYA RADAAKRLLD AGADTNAQDH SGRTPLHTAV TADAQGVFQI LIRNRSTDLD ARMADGSTAL ILAARLAVEG MVEELIASHA DVNAVDELGK SALHWAAAVN NVEATLALLK NGANKDMQDS KEETPLFLAA REGSYEAAKL LLDHFANREI TDHLDRLPRD VAQERLHQDI VRLLDQPSGP RSPPGPHGLG PLLCPPGAFL PGLKAAQSGS KKSRRPPGKA GLGPQGPRGR GKKLTLACPG PLADSSVTLS PVDSLDSPRP FGGPPASPGG FPLEGPYAAA TATAVSLAQL GGPGRAGLGR QPPGGCVLSL GLLNPVAVPL DWARLPPPAP PGPSFLLPLA PGPQLLNPGT PVSPQERPPP YLAVPGHGEE YPAAGAHSSP PKARFLRVPS EHPYLTPSPE SPEHWASPSP PSLSDWSEST PSPATATGAM ATTTGALPAQ PLPLSVPSSL AQAQTQLGPQ PEVTPKRQVL A  12 Human Notch4 MQPPSLLLLL LLLLLLCVSV VRPRGLLCGS FPEPCANGGT CLSLSLGQGT precursor CQCAPGFLGE TCQFPDPCQN AQLCQNGGSC QALLPAPLGL PSSPSPLTPS (UniProtKB/ FLCTCLPGFT GERCQAKLED PCPPSFCSKR GRCHIQASGR PQCSCMPGWT Swiss-Prot: GEQCQLRDFC SANPCVNGGV CLATYPQIQC HCPPGFEGHA CERDVNECFQ Q99466.2) DPGPCPKGTS CHNTLGSFQC LCPVGQEGPR CELRAGPCPP RGCSNGGTCQ aa 1-23: signal LMPEKDSTFH LCLCPPGFIG PDCEVNPDNC VSHQCQNGGT CQDGLDTYTC aa 24-2003: LCPETWTGWD CSEDVDECET QGPPHCRNGG TCQNSAGSFH CVCVSGWGGT mature SCEENLDDCI AATCAPGSTC IDRVGSFSCL CPPGRTGLLC HLEDMCLSQP aa 24-1171: EGF- CHGDAQCSTN PLTGSTLCLC QPGYSGPTCH QDLDECLMAQ QGPSPCEHGG like repeat domain SCLNTPGSFN CLCPPGYTGS RCEADHNECL SQPCHPGSTC LDLLATFHCL CPPGLEGQLC EVETNECASA PCLNHADCHD LLNGFQCICL PGFSGTRCEE DIDECRSSPC ANGGQCQDQP GAFHCKCLPG FEGPRCQTEV DECLSDPCPV GASCLDLPGA FFCLCPSGFT GQLCEVPLCA PNLCQPKQIC KDQKDKANCL CPDGSPGCAP PEDNCTCHHG HCQRSSCVCD VGWTGPECEA ELGGCISAPC AHGGTCYPQP SGYNCTCPTG YTGPTCSEEM TACHSGPCLN GGSCNPSPGG YYCTCPPSHT GPQCQTSTDY CVSAPCFNGG TCVNRPGTFS CLCAMGFQGP RCEGKLRPSC ADSPCRNRAT CQDSPQGPRC LCPTGYTGGS CQTLMDLCAQ KPCPRNSHCL QTGPSFHCLC LQGWTGPLCN LPLSSCQKAA LSQGIDVSSL CHNGGLCVDS GPSYFCHCPP GFQGSLCQDH VNPCESRPCQ NGATCMAQPS GYLCQCAPGY DGQNCSKELD ACQSQPCHNH GTCTPKPGGF HCACPPGFVG LRCEGDVDEC LDQPCHPTGT AACHSLANAF YCQCLPGHTG QWCEVEIDPC HSQPCFHGGT CEATAGSPLG FICHCPKGFE GPTCSHRAPS CGFHHCHHGG LCLPSPKPGF PPRCACLSGY GGPDCLTPPA PKGCGPPSPC LYNGSCSETT GLGGPGFRCS CPHSSPGPRC QKPGAKGCEG RSGDGACDAG CSGPGGNWDG GDCSLGVPDP WKGCPSHSRC WLLFRDGQCH PQCDSEECLF DGYDCETPPA CTPAYDQYCH DHFHNGHCEK GCNTAECGWD GGDCRPEDGD PEWGPSLALL VVLSPPALDQ QLFALARVLS LTLRVGLWVR KDRDGRDMVY PYPGARAEEK LGGTRDPTYQ ERAAPQTQPL GKETDSLSAG FVVVMGVDLS RCGPDHPASR CPWDPGLLLR FLAAMAAVGA LEPLLPGPLL AVHPHAGTAP PANQLPWPVL CSPVAGVILL ALGALLVLQL IRRRRREHGA LWLPPGFTRR PRTQSAPHRR RPPLGEDSIG LKALKPKAEV DEDGVVMCSG PEEGEEVGQA EETGPPSTCQ LWSLSGGCGA LPQAAMLTPP QESEMEAPDL DTRGPDGVTP LMSAVCCGEV QSGTFQGAWL GCPEPWEPLL DGGACPQAHT VGTGETPLHL AARFSRPTAA RRLLEAGANP NQPDRAGRTP LHAAVAADAR EVCQLLLRSR QTAVDARTED GTTPLMLAAR LAVEDLVEEL IAAQADVGAR DKWGKTALHW AAAVNNARAA RSLLQAGADK DAQDNREQTP LFLAAREGAV EVAQLLLGLG AARELRDQAG LAPADVAHQR NHWDLLTLLE GAGPPEARHK ATPGREAGPF PRARTVSVSV PPHGGGALPR CRTLSAGAGP RGGGACLQAR TWSVDLAARG GGAYSHCRSL SGVGAGGGPT PRGRRFSAGM RGPRPNPAIM RGRYGVAAGR GGRVSTDDWP CDWVALGACG SASNIPIPPP CLTPSPERGS PQLDCGPPAL QEMPINQGGE GKK  13 Human-Notch1- mllvnqshqg fnkehtskmv saivlyvlla aaahsafaad lgsdykdddd NRR (uppercase) kgsgVINGCK GKPCKNGGTC AVASNTARGF ICKCPAGFEG ATCENDARTC with Gp67 GSLRCLNGGT CISGPRSPTC LCLGPFTGPE CQFPASSPCL GGNPCYNQGT secretion signal, CEPTSESPFY RCLCPAKFNG LLCHILDYSF GGGAGRDIPP PLIEEACELP N-terminal Flag ECQEDAGNKV CSLQCNNHAC GWDGGDCSLN FNDPWKNCTQ SLQCWKYFSD tag, thrombin site GHCDSQCNSA GCLFDGFDCQ RAEGQCNPLY DQYCKDHFSD GHCDQGCNSA C-terminal Flag ECEWDGLDCA EHVPERLAAG TLVVVVLMPP EQLRNSSFHF LRELSRVLHT tag (lower case) NVVFKRDAHG QQMIFPYYGR EEELRKHPIK RAAEGWAAPD ALLGQVKASL LPGGSEGGRR RRELDPMDVR GSIVYLEIDN RQCVQASSQC FQSATDVAAF LGALASLGSL NIPYKIEAVQ SETVEPPPPA Qefglvprgs ghhhhhh  14 FLAG-Mouse MGGTAARLGA VILFVVIVGL HGVRGKDYKD DDDKLEVING Notch1 NRR-6His CRGKPCKNGG VCAVASNTAR GFICRCPAGF EGATCENDAR TCGSLRCLNG GTCISGPRSP TCLCLGSFTG PECQFPASSP CVGSNPCYNQ GTCEPTSENP FYRCLCPAKF NGLLCHILDY SFTGGAGRDI PPPQIEEACE LPECQVDAGN KVCNLQCNNH ACGWDGGDCS LNFNDPWKNC TQSLQCWKYF SDGHCDSQCN SAGCLFDGFD CQLTEGQCNP LYDQYCKDHF SDGHCDQGCN SAECEWDGLD CAEHVPERLA AGTLVLVVLL PPDQLRNNSF HFLRELSHVL HTNVVFKRDA QGQQMIFPYY GHEEELRKHP IKRSTVGWAT SSLLPGTSGG RQRRELDPMD IRGSIVYLEI DNRQCVQSSS QCFQSATDVA AFLGALASLG SLNIPYKIEA VKSEPVEPPL PSQGSGHHHH HH  15 FLAG-Human- KDDDDKGSGD VCPQMPCLNG GTCAVASNMP DGFICRCPPG FSGARCQSSC Notch2-NRR- GQVKCRKGEQ CVHTASGPRC FCPSPRDCES GCASSPCQHG GSCHPQRQPP 6xHis YYSCQCAPPF SGSRCELYTA PPSTPPATCL SQYCADKARD GVCDEACNSH ACQWDGGDCS LTMENPWANC SSPLPCWDYI NNQCDELCNT VECLFDNFEC QGNSKTCKYD KYCADHFKDN HCNQGCNSEE CGWDGLDCAA DQPENLAEGT LVIVVLMPPE QLLQDARSFL RALGTLLHTN LRIKRDSQGE LMVYPYYGEK SAAMKKQRMT RRSLPGEQEQ EVAGSKVFLE IDNRQCVQDS DHCFKNTDAA AALLASHAIQ GTLSYPLVSV VSESLTPERT EFGLVPRGSG HHHHHH  16 Mouse Notch2- ADVCPQKPCL NGGTCAVASN MPDGFICRCP PGFSGARCQS SCGQVKCRRG NRR-FLAG EQCIHTDSGP RCFCLNPKDC ESGCASNPCQ HGGTCYPQRQ PPHYSCRCPP SFGGSHCELY TAPTSTPPAT CQSQYCADKA RDGICDEACN SHACQWDGGD CSLTMEDPWA NCTSTLRCWE YINNQCDEQC NTAECLFDNF ECQRNSKTCK YDKYCADHFK DNHCDQGCNS EECGWDGLDC ASDQPENLAE GTLIIVVLLP PEQLLQDSRS FLRALGTLLH TNLRIKQDSQ GALMVYPYFG EKSAAMKKQK MTRRSLPEEQ EQEQEVIGSK IFLEIDNRQC VQDSDQCFKN TDAAAALLAS HAIQGTLSYP LVSVFSELES PRNARRAGSG DYKDDDDKEN LYFQ  17 Human DLL1, MGSRCALALA VLSALLCQVW SSGVFELKLQ EFVNKKGLLG NRNCCRGGAG precursor PPPCACRTFF RVCLKHYQAS VSPEPPCTYG SAVTPVLGVD SFSLPDGGGA UniProtKB/ DSAFSNPIRF PFGFTWPGTF SLIIEALHTD SPDDLATENP ERLISRLATQ Swiss-Prot: RHLTVGEEWS QDLHSSGRTD LKYSYRFVCD EHYYGEGCSV FCRPRDDAFG O00548.2 HFTCGERGEK VCNPGWKGPY CTEPICLPGC DEQHGFCDKP GECKCRVGWQ GRYCDECIRY PGCLHGTCQQ PWQCNCQEGW GGLFCNQDLN YCTHHKPCKN GATCTNTGQG SYTCSCRPGY TGATCELGID ECDPSPCKNG GSCTDLENSY SCTCPPGFYG KICELSAMTC ADGPCFNGGR CSDSPDGGYS CRCPVGYSGF NCEKKIDYCS SSPCSNGAKC VDLGDAYLCR CQAGFSGRHC DDNVDDCASS PCANGGTCRD GVNDFSCTCP PGYTGRNCSA PVSRCEHAPC HNGATCHERG HRYVCECARG YGGPNCQFLL PELPPGPAVV DLTEKLEGQG GPFPWVAVCA GVILVLMLLL GCAAVVVCVR LRLQKHRPPA DPCRGETETM NNLANCQREK DISVSIIGAT QIKNTNKKAD FHGDHSADKN GFKARYPAVD YNLVQDLKGD DTAVRDAHSK RDTKCQPQGS SGEEKGTPTT LRGGEASERK RPDSGCSTSK DTKYQSVYVI SEEKDECVIA TEV  18 Human DLL4, MAAASRSASG WALLLLVALW QQRAAGSGVF QLQLQEFINE RGVLASGRPC precursor EPGCRTFFRV CLKHFQAVVS PGPCTFGTVS TPVLGTNSFA VRDDSSGGGR UniProtKB/ NPLQLPFNFT WPGTFSLIIE AWHAPGDDLR PEALPPDALI SKIAIQGSLA Swiss-Prot: VGQNWLLDEQ TSTLTRLRYS YRVICSDNYY GDNCSRLCKK RNDHFGHYVC Q9NR61.1 QPDGNLSCLP GWTGEYCQQP ICLSGCHEQN GYCSKPAECL CRPGWQGRLC NECIPHNGCR HGTCSTPWQC TCDEGWGGLF CDQDLNYCTH HSPCKNGATC SNSGQRSYTC TCRPGYTGVD CELELSECDS NPCRNGGSCK DQEDGYHCLC PPGYYGLHCE HSTLSCADSP CFNGGSCRER NQGANYACEC PPNFTGSNCE KKVDRCTSNP CANGGQCLNR GPSRMCRCRP GFTGTYCELH VSDCARNPCA HGGTCHDLEN GLMCTCPAGF SGRRCEVRTS IDACASSPCF NRATCYTDLS TDTFVCNCPY GFVGSRCEFP VGLPPSFPWV AVSLGVGLAV LLVLLGMVAV AVRQLRLRRP DDGSREAMNN LSDFQKDNLI PAAQLKNTNQ KKELEVDCGL DKSNCGKQQN HTLDYNLAPG PLGRGTMPGK FPHSDKSLGE KAPLRLHSEK PECRISAICS PRDSMYQSVC LISEERNECV IATEV  19 Human Frizzled7 MRDPGAAAPL SSLGLCALVL ALLGALSAGA GAQPYHGEKG ISVPDHGFCQ (Fzd7), precursor PISIPLCTDI AYNQTILPNL LGHTNQEDAG LEVHQFYPLV KVQCSPELRF UniProtKB/ FLCSMYAPVC TVLDQAIPPC RSLCERARQG CEALMNKFGF QWPERLRCEN Swiss-Prot: FPVHGAGEIC VGQNTSDGSG GPGGGPTAYP TAPYLPDLPF TALPPGASDG O75084.2 RGRPAFPFSC PRQLKVPPYL GYRFLGERDC GAPCEPGRAN GLMYFKEEER RFARLWVGVW SVLCCASTLF TVLTYLVDMR RFSYPERPII FLSGCYFMVA VAHVAGFLLE DRAVCVERFS DDGYRTVAQG TKKEGCTILF MVLYFFGMAS SIWWVILSLT WFLAAGMKWG HEAIEANSQY FHLAAWAVPA VKTITILAMG QVDGDLLSGV CYVGLSSVDA LRGFVLAPLF VYLFIGTSFL LAGFVSLFRI RTIMKHDGTK TEKLEKLMVR IGVFSVLYTV PATIVLACYF YEQAFREHWE RTWLLQTCKS YAVPCPPGHF PPMSPDFTVF MIKYLMTMIV GITTGFWIWS GKTLQSWRRF YHRLSHSSKG ETAV  20 Human Frizzled8 MEWGYLLEVT SLLAALALLQ RSSGAAAASA KELACQEITV PLCKGIGYNY (Fzd8), precursor TYMPNQFNHD TQDEAGLEVH QFWPLVEIQC SPDLKFFLCS MYTPICLEDY UniProtKB/ KKPLPPCRSV CERAKAGCAP LMRQYGFAWP DRMRCDRLPE QGNPDTLCMD Swiss-Prot: YNRTDLTTAA PSPPRRLPPP PPGEQPPSGS GHGRPPGARP PHRGGGRGGG Q9H461.1 GGDAAAPPAR GGGGGGKARP PGGGAAPCEP GCQCRAPMVS VSSERHPLYN RVKTGQIANC ALPCHNPFFS QDERAFTVFW IGLWSVLCFV STFATVSTFL IDMERFKYPE RPIIFLSACY LFVSVGYLVR LVAGHEKVAC SGGAPGAGGA GGAGGAAAGA GAAGAGAGGP GGRGEYEELG AVEQHVRYET TGPALCTVVF LLVYFFGMAS SIWWVILSLT WFLAAGMKWG NEAIAGYSQY FHLAAWLVPS VKSIAVLALS SVDGDPVAGI CYVGNQSLDN LRGFVLAPLV IYLFIGTMFL LAGFVSLFRI RSVIKQQDGP TKTHKLEKLM IRLGLFTVLY TVPAAVVVAC LFYEQHNRPR WEATHNCPCL RDLQPDQARR PDYAVFMLKY FMCLVVGITS GVWVWSGKTL ESWRSLCTRC CWASKGAAVG GGAGATAAGG GGGPGGGGGG GPGGGGGPGG GGGSLYSDVS TGLTWRSGTA SSVSYPKQMP LSQV  21 Human LRP5, MEAAPPGPPW PLLLLLLLLL ALCGCPAPAA ASPLLLFANR RDVRLVDAGG precursor VKLESTIVVS GLEDAAAVDF QFSKGAVYWT DVSEEAIKQT YLNQTGAAVQ UniProtKB/ NVVISGLVSP DGLACDWVGK KLYWTDSETN RIEVANLNGT SRKVLFWQDL Swiss-Prot: DQPRAIALDP AHGYMYWTDW GETPRIERAG MDGSTRKIIV DSDIYWPNGL O75197.2 TIDLEEQKLY WADAKLSFIH RANLDGSFRQ KVVEGSLTHP FALTLSGDTL YWTDWQTRSI HACNKRTGGK RKEILSALYS PMDIQVLSQE RQPFFHTRCE EDNGGCSHLC LLSPSEPFYT CACPTGVQLQ DNGRTCKAGA EEVLLLARRT DLRRISLDTP DFTDIVLQVD DIRHAIAIDY DPLEGYVYWT DDEVRAIRRA YLDGSGAQTL VNTEINDPDG IAVDWVARNL YWTDTGTDRI EVTRLNGTSR KILVSEDLDE PRAIALHPVM GLMYWTDWGE NPKIECANLD GQERRVLVNA SLGWPNGLAL DLQEGKLYWG DAKTDKIEVI NVDGTKRRTL LEDKLPHIFG FTLLGDFIYW TDWQRRSIER VHKVKASRDV IIDQLPDLMG LKAVNVAKVV GTNPCADRNG GCSHLCFFTP HATRCGCPIG LELLSDMKTC IVPEAFLVFT SRAAIHRISL ETNNNDVAIP LTGVKEASAL DFDVSNNHIY WTDVSLKTIS RAFMNGSSVE HVVEFGLDYP EGMAVDWMGK NLYWADTGTN RIEVARLDGQ FRQVLVWRDL DNPRSLALDP TKGYIYWTEW GGKPRIVRAF MDGTNCMTLV DKVGRANDLT IDYADQRLYW TDLDTNMIES SNMLGQERVV IADDLPHPFG LTQYSDYIYW TDWNLHSIER ADKTSGRNRT LIQGHLDFVM DILVFHSSRQ DGLNDCMHNN GQCGQLCLAI PGGHRCGCAS HYTLDPSSRN CSPPTTFLLF SQKSAISRMI PDDQHSPDLI LPLHGLRNVK AIDYDPLDKF IYWVDGRQNI KRAKDDGTQP FVLTSLSQGQ NPDRQPHDLS IDIYSRTLFW TCEATNTINV HRLSGEAMGV VLRGDRDKPR AIVVNAERGY LYFTNMQDRA AKIERAALDG TEREVLFTTG LIRPVALVVD NTLGKLFWVD ADLKRIESCD LSGANRLTLE DANIVQPLGL TILGKHLYWI DRQQQMIERV EKTTGDKRTR IQGRVAHLTG IHAVEEVSLE EFSAHPCARD NGGCSHICIA KGDGTPRCSC PVHLVLLQNL LTCGEPPTCS PDQFACATGE IDCIPGAWRC DGFPECDDQS DEEGCPVCSA AQFPCARGQC VDLRLRCDGE ADCQDRSDEA DCDAICLPNQ FRCASGQCVL IKQQCDSFPD CIDGSDELMC EITKPPSDDS PAHSSAIGPV IGIILSLFVM GGVYFVCQRV VCQRYAGANG PFPHEYVSGT PHVPLNFIAP GGSQHGPFTG IACGKSMMSS VSLMGGRGGV PLYDRNHVTG ASSSSSSSTK ATLYPPILNP PPSPATDPSL YNMDMFYSSN IPATARPYRP YIIRGMAPPT TPCSTDVCDS DYSASRWKAS KYYLDLNSDS DPYPPPPTPH SQYLSAEDSC PPSPATERSY FHLFPPPPSP CTDSS  22 Human LRP6, MGAVLRSLLA CSFCVLLRAA PLLLYANRRD LRLVDATNGK ENATIVVGGL precursor EDAAAVDFVF SHGLIYWSDV SEEAIKRTEF NKTESVQNVV VSGLLSPDGL UniProtKB/ ACDWLGEKLY WTDSETNRIE VSNLDGSLRK VLFWQELDQP RAIALDPSSG Swiss-Prot: FMYWTDWGEV PKIERAGMDG SSRFIIINSE IYWPNGLTLD YEEQKLYWAD O75581.2 AKLNFIHKSN LDGTNRQAVV KGSLPHPFAL TLFEDILYWT DWSTHSILAC NKYTGEGLRE IHSDIFSPMD IHAFSQQRQP NATNPCGIDN GGCSHLCLMS PVKPFYQCAC PTGVKLLENG KTCKDGATEL LLLARRTDLR RISLDTPDFT DIVLQLEDIR HAIAIDYDPV EGYIYWTDDE VRAIRRSFID GSGSQFVVTA QIAHPDGIAV DWVARNLYWT DTGTDRIEVT RLNGTMRKIL ISEDLEEPRA IVLDPMVGYM YWTDWGEIPK IERAALDGSD RVVLVNTSLG WPNGLALDYD EGKIYWGDAK TDKIEVMNTD GTGRRVLVED KIPHIFGFTL LGDYVYWTDW QRRSIERVHK RSAEREVIID QLPDLMGLKA TNVHRVIGSN PCAEENGGCS HLCLYRPQGL RCACPIGFEL ISDMKTCIVP EAFLLFSRRA DIRRISLETN NNNVAIPLTG VKEASALDFD VTDNRIYWTD ISLKTISRAF MNGSALEHVV EFGLDYPEGM AVDWLGKNLY WADTGTNRIE VSKLDGQHRQ VLVWKDLDSP RALALDPAEG FMYWTEWGGK PKIDRAAMDG SERTTLVPNV GRANGLTIDY AKRRLYWTDL DTNLIESSNM LGLNREVIAD DLPHPFGLTQ YQDYIYWTDW SRRSIERANK TSGQNRTIIQ GHLDYVMDIL VFHSSRQSGW NECASSNGHC SHLCLAVPVG GFVCGCPAHY SLNADNRTCS APTTFLLFSQ KSAINRMVID EQQSPDIILP IHSLRNVRAI DYDPLDKQLY WIDSRQNMIR KAQEDGSQGF TVVVSSVPSQ NLEIQPYDLS IDIYSRYIYW TCEATNVINV TRLDGRSVGV VLKGEQDRPR AVVVNPEKGY MYFTNLQERS PKIERAALDG TEREVLFFSG LSKPIALALD SRLGKLFWAD SDLRRIESSD LSGANRIVLE DSNILQPVGL TVFENWLYWI DKQQQMIEKI DMTGREGRTK VQARIAQLSD IHAVKELNLQ EYRQHPCAQD NGGCSHICLV KGDGTTRCSC PMHLVLLQDE LSCGEPPTCS PQQFTCFTGE IDCIPVAWRC DGFTECEDHS DELNCPVCSE SQFQCASGQC IDGALRCNGD ANCQDKSDEK NCEVLCLIDQ FRCANGQCIG KHKKCDHNVD CSDKSDELDC YPTEEPAPQA TNTVGSVIGV IVTIFVSGTV YFICQRMLCP RMKGDGETMT NDYVVHGPAS VPLGYVPHPS SLSGSLPGMS RGKSMISSLS IMGGSSGPPY DRAHVTGASS SSSSSTKGTY FPAILNPPPS PATERSHYTM EFGYSSNSPS THRSYSYRPY SYRHFAPPTT PCSTDVCDSD YAPSRRMTSV ATAKGYTSDL NYDSEPVPPP PTPRSQYLSA EENYESCPPS PYTERSYSHH LYPPPPSPCT DSS  23 Anti-Notch1 QVQLQQSGAE LMKPGASVKI SCKAAGYTMR GYWIEWIKQR PGHGLEWIGQ antibody 52M51 ILPGTGRTNY NEKFKGKATF TADTSSNTAN MQLSSLTSED SAVYYCARFD heavy chain GNYGYYAMDY WGQGSSVTVS SA variable region  24 52M51 light chain QAVVTQESAL TTSPGETVTL TCRSSTGAVT TSNYANWVQE KPDHLFTGLI variable region GGTNNRAPGV PARFSGSLIG DKAALTITGA QTEDEAIYFC ALWYSNHWVF GGGTKLTVLG  25 52M51H4L3 QVQLVQSGAE VKKPGASVKI SCKVSGYTLR GYWIEWVRQA PGKGLEWIGQ heavy chain ILPGTGRTNY NEKFKGRVTM TADTSTDTAY MELSSLRSED TAVYYCARFD variable region GNYGYYAMDY WGQGTTVTVS SA  26 52M51H4L3 light SGVDSQAVVT QEPSLTVSPG GTVTLTCRSS TGAVTTSNYA NWFQQKPGQA chain variable PRTLIGGTNN RAPGVPARFS GSLLGGKAAL TLSGAQPEDE AEYYCALWYS region NHWVFGGGTK LTVLG  27 52M51 HVR-H1 RGYWIE  28 52M51 HVR-H2 QILPGTGRTNYNEKFKG  29 52M51 HVR-H3 FDGNYGYYAMDY  30 52M51 HVR-L1 RSSTGAVTTSNYAN  31 52M51 HVR-L2 GTNNRAP  32 52M51 HVR-L3 ALWYSNHWVFGGGTKL  33 Anti-Notch2/3 EVQLVESGGG LVQPGGSLRL SCAASGFTFS SSGMSWVRQA PGKGLEWVSV antibody 59R5 IASSGSNTYY ADSVKGRFTI SRDNSKNTLY LQMNSLRAED TAVYYCARSI heavy chain FYTTWGQGTL VTVSS variable region  34 59R5 light chain DIVLTQSPAT LSLSPGERAT LSCRASQSVR SNYLAWYQQK PGQAPRLLIY variable region GASSRATGVP ARFSGSGSGT DFTLTISSLE PEDFAVYYCQ QYSNFPITFG QGTKVEIKR  35 59R5 HVR-H1 SSSGMS  36 59R5 HVR-H2 VIASSGSNTYYADSVK  37 59R5 HVR-H3 SIFYTT  38 59R5 HVR-L1 RASQSVRSNYL  39 59R5 HVR-L2 GASSRA  40 59R5 HVR-L3 QQYSNFPI  41 Anti-Notch1 A-2 EVQLVESGGG LVQPGGSLRL SCAASGFTFS SYWIHWVRQA PGKGLEWVAR antibody heavy INPPNRSNQY ADSVKGRFTI SADTSKNTAY LQMNSLRAED TAVYYCARGS chain variable GFRWVMDYWG QGTLVTVSS region  42 A-2 light chain DIQMTQSPSS LSASVGDRVT ITCRASQDVS TAVAWYQQKP GKAPKLLIYS variable region ASFLYSGVPS RFSGSGSGTD FTLTISSLQP EDFATYYCQQ FYTTPSTFGQ GTKVEIKR  43 A, A-1, A-2, A-3 GFTFSSYWIH HVR-H1  44 A HVR-H2 ARINPSNGSTNYADSVKG  45 A-1 HVR-H2 ARINPSNGSAHYADSVKG  46 A-2 HVR-H2 ARINPSNRSNQYADSVKG  47 A-3 HVR-H2 ARINPSNGSTRYADSVKG  48 A, A-1, A-2, A- RGSGFRWVMDY 3HVR-H3  49 A, A-1, A-2, A- RASQDVSTAVA 3HVR-L1  50 A, A-1, A-2, A- SASFLYS 3HVR-L2  51 A HVR-L3 QQSYTTPPT  52 A-1 HVR-L3 QQSYTTPAT  53 A-2 HVR-L3 QQFYTTPST  54 A-3 HVR-L3 QQSFSTPAT  55 Anti-Notch2 D-3 EVQLVESGGG LVQPGGSLRL SCAASGYTFS SYGMSWVRQA PGKGLEWVSY antibody heavy IYPYSGATYY ADSVKGRFTI SADTSKNTAY LQMNSLRAED TAVYYCARHS chain variable GYYRISSAMD VWGQGTLVTV SA region  56 D-3 light chain DIQMTQSPSS LSASVGDRVT ITCRASQNIK RFLAWYQQKP GKAPKLLIYG variable region ASTRESGVPS RFSGSGSGTD FTLTISSLQP EDFATYYCQQ YYRSPHTFGQ GTKVEIKR  57 D HVR-H1 GYSFTSYGMS  58 D-1, D-2, D-3 GYTFSSYGMS HVR-H1  59 D, D-1, D-2, D-3 SYIYPYSGATYYADSVKG HVR-H2  60 D, D-1, D-2, D-3 HSGYYRISSAMDV HVR-H3  61 D HVR-L1 RASQSISSYLA  62 D-1 HVR-L1 RASQSNRRFLA  63 D-2 HVR-L1 RASQSVRSFLA  64 D-3 HVR-L1 RASQNIKRFLA  65 D, D-1 HVR-L2 GASSRAS  66 D-2 HVR-L2 RASIRAS  67 D-3 HVR-L2 GASTRES  68 D HVR-L3 QQYYSSPLT  69 D-1 HVR-L3 QQYYISPLT  70 D-2 HVR-L3 QQYYISPWT  71 D-3 HVR-L3 QQYYRSPHT  72 Anti-Notch3 NRR EVQLVESGGG LVQPGGSLKL SCAASGFTFS HYYMSWVRQT PEKRLEWVAY 256-A4 antibody ISNGGGRTDY PDSVKGRFTI SRDNAKNTLH LQMSSLKSED TAMYYCTRLD heavy chain YFGGSPYFDY WGQGTTLTVS SA variable region  73 256-A4 light chain EIVLTQSPAI TAASLGQKVT ITCSASSSVS YMHWYQQKSG TSPKPWIYEI variable region SKLASGVPPR FSGSGSGTSY SLTISSMEAE DAAIYYCQQW NYPLITFGSG TKLEIKRADA APTV  74 256-A4, 256-A8 GFTFSHYYMS HVR-H1  75 256-A4 HVR-H2 ISNGGGRTD  76 256-A8 HVR-H2 YINSGGGRTD  77 256-A4 HVR-H3 RLDYFGGSPYFDY  78 256-A8 HVR-H3 LDYYGGSPYFDY  79 256-A4, 256-A8 SASSSVSYMH HVR-L1  80 256-A4, 256-A8 EISKLAS HVR-L2  81 256-A4, 256-A8 QQWNYPLIT HVR-L3  82 Anti-Notch3 SDVQLQESGP GLVKPSQSLS LTCSVTGYSI TSGYYWNWIR QFPGNKLEWM 255A-71 antibody GFISYDGSNN YNPSLKNRIS ITRDTSKNQF FLKLNSVTTE DTATFYCATL heavy chain YYDYDGNYFD YWGQGTTLTV SSA variable region  83 255A-71 light CDIQMTQTTS SLSASLGDRV TISCRTSQDI SNYLNWYQQK PDGTVKLLIY chain variable YTSRLHSGVP SRFSGSGSGT DYSLTISNLE QEDIATYFCQ QGNALPLTFG region PGTKLELKRA DAAPTV  84 255A-71 HVR- GYSITSGYYWNW H1  85 255A-71 HVR-H2 ISYDGSNNYN  86 255A-71 HVR-H3 LYYDYDGNYFDY  87 255A-71 HVR-L1 RTSQDISNYLN  88 255A-71 HVR-L2 YTSRLHS  89 255A-71 HVR-L3 QQGNALPT  90 Anti-Notch3 CQVQLQQSGD DLVKPGASVK LSCKASGYTF TSYWINWIKQ RPGQGLEWIG 255A-77 antibody HIGPGSGSTY YNEIFKGKAT LTVDTSSSTA YIQLSSLSSE DSAVYFCVLT heavy chain RYFYAMDYWG QGTSVTVSSA variable region  91 255A-77 light DIVMTQSPSS LAVTAGEKVT MRCKSSQSLL WSVNQNNYLS WYQQKQGQPP chain variable KLLIYGASIR ESWVPDRFTG SGSGTDFTLT ISNVHVEDLA VYYCQHNHGS region FLPLTFGAGT KLELKRADAA PTV  92 255A-77 HVR- GYTFTSYWIN H1  93 255A-77 HVR-H2 HIGPGSGSTYYN  94 255A-77 HVR-H3 TRYFYAMDY  95 255A-77 HVR-L1 KSSQSLLWSVNQNNYL  96 255A-77 HVR-L2 GASIRES  97 255A-77 HVR-L3 QHNHGSFLPLT  98 Anti-Notch3 256- SQVQLQQSGA ELAKPGTSVK MACKASGYTF TTHWMNWVKQ RPGQGLEWIG A13 antibody TINPSNDFTD CNQKFKDKAI LTADKSSSTA YMQLSSLTSE DSAIYYCASG heavy chain LTARAWFAYW GQGTLVTVSA A variable region  99 256-A13 light RATISCRASQ SVTTSNYSYM HWFQQKPGQP PKLLIKYASN LDSGVPARFS chain variable GSGSGTDFTL NIHPVEEEDT ATFYCQHSWE IPYTFGGGTN LEIKRADAAP region TV 100 256-A13 HVR- GYTFTTHWMNW H1 101 256-A13 HVR-H2 INPSNDFTDCN 102 256-A13 HVR-H3 TARAWFAY 103 256-A13 HVR-L1 RASQSVTTSNYSYMH 104 256-A13 HVR-L2 YASNLDSG 105 256-A13 HVR-L3 QHSWEIPYT 106 Anti-Jagged A-2 EVQLVESGGG LVQPGGSLRL SCAASGFTFS NYGIHWVRQA PGKGLEWVGW antibody heavy ITGNGGYSDY ADSVKGRFTI SADTSKNTAY LQMNSLRAED TAVYYCARAG chain variable SWFAYWGQGT LVTVSS region 107 Anti-Jagged A-2 DIQMTQSPSS LSASVGDRVT ITCRASQDVS TAVAWYQQKP GKAPKLLIYS antibody light ASFLYSGVPS RFSGSGSGTD FTLTISSLQP EDFATYYCQQ SYTTPPTFGQ chain variable GTKVEIK region 108 Anti-Jagged A-2 GFTFSNYGIH HVR-H1 109 Anti-Jagged A-2 WITGNGGYSDYADSVKG HVR-H2 110 Anti-Jagged A-2 AGSWFAY HVR-H3 111 Anti-Jagged A-2 RASQDVSTAVA HVR-L1 112 Anti-Jagged A-2 SASFLYS HVR-L2 113 Anti-Jagged A-2 QQSYTTPPT HVR-L3 114 Anti-Jagged B-3 EVQLVESGGG LVQPGGSLRL SCAASGFTFT SYDIHWVRQA PGKGLEWVGG antibody heavy ISPADGDTDY ANSVKGRFTI SADTSKNTAY LQMNSLRAED TAVYYCARND chain variable YDVRFVGSGM DYWGQGTLVT VSS region 115 Anti-Jagged B-3 DIQMTQSPSS LSASVGDRVT ITCRASQDVS TAVAWYQQKP GKAPKLLIYS antibody light ASFLYSGVPS RFSGSGSGTD FTLTISSLQP EDFATYYCQQ SFTAPPTFGQ chain variable GTKVEIK region 116 Anti-Jagged B-3 GFTFTSYDIH HVR-H1 117 Anti-Jagged B-3 GISPADGDTDYANSVKG HVR-H2 118 Anti-Jagged B-3 NDYDVRFVGSGMDY HVR-H3 119 Anti-Jagged B-3 RASQDVSTAVA HVR-L1 120 Anti-Jagged B-3 SASFLYS HVR-L2 121 Anti-Jagged B-3 QOSFTAPPT HVR-L3 122 Anti-Jagged C1 EVQLVESGGG LVQPGGSLRL SCAASGFTFT NSDIHWVRQA PGKGLEWVGG antibody heavy ITPADGYTDY ADSVKGRFTI SADTSKNTAY LQMNSLRAED TAVYYCARSY chain variable WSSSPGSAFD YWGQGTLVTV SS region 123 Anti-Jagged C1 DIQMTQSPSS LSASVGDRVT ITCRASQDVS TAVAWYQQKP GKAPKLLIYS antibody light ASFLYSGVPS RFSGSGSGTD FTLTISSLQP EDFATYYCQQ SYISPSTFGQ chain variable GTKVEIK region 124 Anti-Jagged C1 GFTFTNSDIH HVR-H1 125 Anti-Jagged C1 GITPADGYTDYADSVKG HVR-H2 126 Anti-Jagged C1 SYWSSSPGSAFDY HVR-H3 127 Anti-Jagged C1 RASQDVSTAVA HVR-L1 128 Anti-Jagged C1 SASFLYS HVR-L2 129 Anti-Jagged C1 QQSYISPST HVR-L3 130 Anti-Jagged 4D11 EVQLLESGGG LVQPGGSLRL SCAASGFTFS SYAMSWVRQA PGKGLEWVSS antibody heavy IDPEGRQTYY ADSVKGRFTI SRDNSKNTLY LQMNSLRAED TAVYYCAKDI chain variable GGRSAFDYWG QGTLVTVSS region 131 4D11 light chain DIQMTQSPSS LSASVGDRVT ITCRASQSIS SYLNWYQQKP GKAPKLLIYA variable region ASSLQSGVPS RFSGSGSGTD FTLTISSLQP EDFATYYCQQ TVVAPPLFGQ GTKVEIKR 132 Anti-Jagged 64R7 QVQLVESGGG VVQPGRSLRL SCAASGFTFS SYAMHWVRQA PGKGLEWVAV antibody heavy ISYDGSNKYY ADSVKGRFTI SRDNSKNTLY LQMNSLRAED TAVYYCARDK chain variable YDIPDAFDIW GQGTLVTVSS region 133 64R7 antibody DIRMTQSPSS LSASVGDRVT ITCRASQGIS NDLAWYQQKP GKVPRLLIYA light chain TSTLQSGVPS RFSGSGSATD FTLTISSLQP EDVATYYCQQ SYNAPITFGQ variable region GTRLEIK 134 64R7 HVR-H1 SYAMH 135 6487 HVR-H2 VISYDGSNKYYADSVKG 136 64R7 HVR-H3 DKYDIPDAFDI 137 64R7 HVR-L1 RASQGISNDLA 138 64R7 HVR-L2 ATSTLQS 139 64R7 HVR-L3 QQSYNAPI 140 Anti-Jagged QVQLVESGGG VVQPGRSLRL SCAASGFTFS SYAMHWVRQA PGKGLEWVAA 133R0201 IYPDSSNKYY ADSVKGRFTI SRDNSKNTLY LQMNSLRAED TAVYYCARDK antibody heavy YDIPDAFDIW GQGTLVTVS chain variable region 141 Anti-Jagged DIRMTQSPSS LSASVGDRVT ITCRASQGIS NDLAWYQQKP GKVPRLLIYA 133R0201 TSTLQSGVPS RFSGSGSATD FTLTISSLQP EDVATYYCQQ SYNAPITFGQ antibody light GTRLEIK chain variable region 142 133R0201 HVR- SYAMH H1 143 133R0201 HVR- AIYPDSSNKYYADSVKG H2 144 133R0201 HVR- DKYDIPDAFDI H3 145 133R0201 HVR- RASQGISNDLA L1 146 133R0201 HVR- ATSTLQS L2 147 133R0201 HVR- QQSYNAPI L3 148 Anti-Jagged QVQLVESGGG VVQPGRSLRL SCAASGFTFS SYAMHWVRQA PGKGLEWVAA 133R0203 ISPEASNKYY ADSVKGRFTI SRDNSKNTLY LQMNSLRAED TAVYYCARDK antibody heavy YDIPDAFDIW GQGTLVTVS chain variable region 149 Anti-Jagged DIRMTQSPSS LSASVGDRVT ITCRASQGIS NDLAWYQQKP GKVPRLLIYA 133R0203 TSTLQSGVPS RFSGSGSATD FTLTISSLQP EDVATYYCQQ SYNAPITFGQ antibody light GTRLEIK chain variable region 150 133R0203 HVR- SYAMH H1 151 133R0203 HVR- AISPEASNKYYADSVKG H2 152 133R0203 HVR- DKYDIPDAFDI H3 153 133R0203 HVR- RASQGISNDLA L1 154 133R0203 HVR- ATSTLQS L2 155 133R0203 HVR- QQSYNAPI L3 156 Anti-Jagged QVQLVESGGG VVQPGRSLRL SCAASGFTFS SYAMHWVRQA PGKGLEWVAA 133R0205 IYPASSNKYY ADSVKGRFTI SRDNSKNTLY LQMNSLRAED TAVYYCARDK antibody heavy YDIPDAFDIW GQGTLVTVS chain variable region 157 Anti-Jagged DIRMTQSPSS LSASVGDRVT ITCRASQGIS NDLAWYQQKP GKVPRLLIYA 133R0205 TSTLQSGVPS RFSGSGSATD FTLTISSLQP EDVATYYCQQ SYNAPITFGQ antibody light GTRLEIK chain variable region 158 133R0205 HVR- SYAMH H1 159 133R0205 HVR- AIYPASSNKYYADSVKG H2 160 133R0205 HVR- DKYDIPDAFDI H3 161 133R0205 HVR- RASQGISNDLA L1 162 133R0205 HVR- ATSTLQS L2 163 133R0205 HVR- QQSYNAPI L3 164 Anti-Jagged QVQLKQSGAE LVRPGTSVKL SCKTSGYIFT SYWIHWVKQR SGQGLEWIAR 64M51 antibody IYPGIGSTYY NEKFKDKATL TADKSSSTAY MQLSSLKSED SAVYFCAKNG heavy chain GFFDYWGQGT TLTVSS variable region 165 Anti-Jagged DIVLTQSPAS LAVSLGQRAT ISCRASESVD SYGNSFMHWY QQKPGQPPKL 64M51 antibody LIYRASNLES GIPARFSGSG SRTDFTLTIN PVEADDVATY YCQQSNEDPW light chain TFGGGTKLEI K variable region 166 64M51 HVR-H1 SYNTH 167 64M51 HVR-H2 RIYPGIGSTYYNEKFKD 168 64M51 HVR-H3 NGGFFDY 169 64M51 HVR-L1 RASESVDSYGNSFMH 170 64M51 HVR-L2 RASNLES 171 64M51 HVR-L3 QQSNDPWT 172 Anti-Jagged QVQLQESGPG LVKPSGTLSL TCTVSGDSIS SSNWWSWVRQ PPGQGLEWIG 64R1B antibody EIFHGENTNY NPSLKSRVTI SVDKSKNQIS LNLTSATAAD TAVYYCARNP heavy chain GIGAAKFDSW GQGTLVTVSS variable region 173 Anti-Jagged DIVMTQTPLS LSVTPGQPAS ISCKSSQSLL HSDGKTYLYW YLQKPGQPPQ 64R1B antibody LLIYEVSNRF SGVPDRFSGS GSGTDFTLKI SRVEAEDVGV YYCMQHIDFP light chain FTFGQGTKLE IK variable region 174 64R1B HVR-H1 SSNWWS 175 64R1B HVR-H2 EIFHGENTNYNPSLKS 176 64R1B HVR-H3 NPGIGAAKFDS 177 64R1B HVR-L1 KSSQSLLHSDGKTYLY 178 64M51 HVR-L2 EVSNRFS 179 64M51 HVR-L3 MQHIDFP 180 Anti-DLL4 EVQLVESGGG LVQPGGSLRL SCAASGFTFT DNWISWVRQA PGKGLEWVGY antibody ISPNSGFTYY ADSVKGRFTI SADTSKNTAY LQMNSLRAED TAVYYCARDN YW26.82 heavy FGGYFDYWGQ GTLV chain variable region 181 YW26.82 light DIQMTQSPSS LSASVGDRVT ITCRASQDVS TAVAWYQQKP GKAPKLLIYS chain variable ASFLYSGVPS RFSGSGSGTD FTLTISSLQP EDFATYYCQQ SYTGTVTFGQ region GTKVEIKR 182 YW26.82 HVR- GFTFTDNWIS H1 183 YW26.82 HVR- GYISPNSGFTYYADSVKG H2 184 YW26.82 HVR- VYYCARDNFGGYFDY H3 185 YW26.82 HVR- RASQDVSTAVA L1 186 YW26.82 HVR- SASFLYS L2 187 YW26.82 HVR- QQSYTGTVT L3 188 Anti-DLL4 QVQLVQSGAE VKKPGASVKI SCKASGYSFT AYYIHWVKQA PGQGLEWIGY antibody ISSYNGATNY NQKFKGRVTF TTDTSTSTAY MELRSLRSDD TAVYYCARDY demcizumab DYDVGMDYWG QGTLVTVSS (OMP-21M18) heavy chain variable region 189 demcizumab light DIVMTQSPDS LAVSLGERAT ISCRASESVD NYGISFMKWF QQKPGQPPKL chain variable LIYAASNQGS GVPDRFSGSG SGTDFTLTIS SLQAEDVAVY YCQQSKEVPW region TFGGGTKVEI K 190 demcizumab TAYYIH HVR-H1 191 demcizumab YISSYNGATNYNQKFKG HVR-H2 192 demcizumab RDYDYDVGMDY HVR-H3 193 demcizumab RASESVDNYGISFMK HVR-L1 194 demcizumab AASNQGS HVR-L2 195 demcizumab QQSKEVPWTFGG HVR-L3 196 αLRP6 EVQLVESGGG LVQPGGSLRL SCAASGFTFG YYYISWVRQA PGKGLEWVAE YW211.31.62 ISPYSGSTYY ADSVKGRFTI SADTSKNTAY LQMNSLRAED TAVYYCALRA antibody heavy RPPIRLHPRG SVMDYWGQ chain variable region 197 αLRP6 DIQMTQSPSS LSASVGDRVT ITCRASQDVS TAVAWYQQKP GKAPKLLIYS YW211.31.62 ASFLYSGVPS RFSGSGSGTD FTLTISSLQP EDFATYYCQQ SYTTPPTFGQ light chain GTKVEIKR variable region 198 αLRP6 YYYIS YW211.31.62 HVR-H1 199 αLRP6 EISPYSGSTYYADSVKG YW211.31.62 HVR-H2 200 αLRP6 RARPPIRLHPRGSV YW211.31.62 HVR-H3 201 αLRP6 RASQDVSTAVA YW211.31.62 HVR-L1 202 αLRP6 SASFLYS YW211.31.62 HVR-L2 203 αLRP6 QQSYTTPPT YW211.31.62 HVR-L3 204 αLRP6 YW210.09 EVQLVESGGG LVQPGGSLRL SCAASGFTFT NSYIHWVRQA PGKGLEWVGW antibody heavy ITPYGGYTNY ADSVKGRFTI SADTSKNTAY LQMNSLRAED TAVYYCARGS chain variable GHVNAVKNYG YVMDYWGQ region 205 αLRP6 YW210.09 DIQMTQSPSS LSASVGDRVT ITCRASQDVS TAVAWYQQKP GKAPKLLIYS light chain ASFLYSGVPS RFSGSGSGTD FTLTISSLQP EDFATYYCQQ SYTTPPTFGQ variable region GTKVEIKR 206 αLRP6 YW210.09 NSYI HVR-H1 207 αLRP6 YW210.09 WITPYGGYTNYADSVK HVR-H2 208 αLRP6 YW210.09 GSGHVNAVKNYGYV HVR-H3 209 αLRP6 YW210.09 RASQDVSTAVA HVR-L1 210 αLRP6 YW210.09 SASFLYS HVR-L2 211 αLRP6 YW210.09 QQSYTTPPT HVR-L3 212 αLRP5 P6C.51.61 EVQLVESGGG LVQPGGSLRL SCAASGFTFS SYAMHWVRQA PGKGLEWVSR antibody heavy ISSNGGSTYY ADSVKGRFTI SRDNSKNTLY LQMNSLRAED TAVYYCARWI chain variable PQSYPFASYK SGFDYWGQ region 213 αLRP5 P6C.51.61 DIQMTQSPSS LSASVGDRVT ITCRASQVMG YYLAWYQQKP GKAPKLLIYD light chain ASSLESGVPS RFSGSGSGTD FTLTISSLQP EDFATYYCQQ YYSYPFTFGQ variable region GTKVEIKR 214 αLRP5 P6C.51.61 GFTFSSYAMH HVR-H1 215 αLRP5 P6C.51.61 SR ISSNGGSTYY ADSVKG HVR-H2 216 αLRP5 P6C.51.61 WIPQSYPFASYK SGFDY HVR-H3 217 αLRP5 P6C.51.61 RASQVMG YYLA HVR-L1 218 αLRP5 P6C.51.61 DASSLES HVR-L2 219 αLRP5 P6C.51.61 QQ YYSYPFT HVR-L3 220 αLRP 7E5C8 QVQLKESGPG LVASSQSLSI TCTVSGFSLS RYSVHWVRQP PGKGLEWLGM antibody heavy IWGGGSTDYN SALKSRLGIS KDNSKSQVFL KMNSLQTDDT AMYYCAGTGS chain variable WFAYWGQGTL VTVSA region 221 αLRP antibody DIQMTQSPAS LSASVGETVT ITCRASGNIH NYLAWYQQKQ GKSPQLLVYN 7E5C8 light chain AKTLADGVPS RFSGSGSGTQ YSLKINSLQP EDFGSYYCQH FWSTPWTFGG variable region GTKLEIK 222 Anti-Fzd antibody EVQLVESGGG LVQPGGSLRL SCAASGFTFS HYTLSWVRQA PGKGLEWVSV Vantictumab ISGDGSYTYY ADSVKGRFTI SSDNSKNTLY LQMNSLRAED TAVYYCARNF (18R5) heavy IKYVFANWGQ GTLVTVSS chain variable region 223 Vantictumab light DIELTQPPSV SVAPGQTARI SCSGDNIGSF YVHWYQQKPG QAPVLVIYDK chain variable SNRPSGIPER FSGSNSGNTA TLTISGTQAE DEADYYCQSY ANTLSLVFGG region GTKLTVLG 224 Vantictumab GFTFSHYTLS HVR-H1 225 Vantictumab VISGDGSYTYYADSVKG HVR-H2 226 Vantictumab NFIKYVFAN HVR-H3 227 Vantictumab SGDNIGSFYVH HVR-L1 228 Vantictumab DKSNRPSG HVR-L2 229 Vantictumab QSYANTLSL HVR-L3 230 Anti-Fzd antibody EVQLVESGGG LVQPGGSLRL SCAASGFTFS SFNMFWVRQA PGKGLEWVAG B9L9.3 heavy IDDDGSYPNY GSAVKGRATI SRDNSKNTLY LQMNSLRAED TAVYYCAKSG chain variable YGGSWGGYIA DDIDAWGQGT LVTVSS region 231 B9L9.3 light chain ELTQPPSVSV SPGQTARITC SGDGSYAGSY YYGWYQQKPG QAPVTLIYYN variable region NKRPSGIPER FSGSLSGSTN TLTISGVQAE DEADYYCGSA DNSGAAFGGG TKLTVL 232 B9L9.3 HVR-H1 SFNMF 233 B9L9.3 HVR-H2 GIDDDGSYPNYGSAVKG 234 B9L9.3 HVR-H3 SGYGGSWGGYIADDIDA 235 B9L9.3 HVR-L1 SGDGSYAGSYYYG 236 B9L9.3 HVR-L2 YNNKRPS 237 B9L9.3 HVR-L3 GSADNSGAA 238 Fzd7 ECD CQPISIPLCT DIAYNQTILP NLLGHTNQED AGLEVHQFYP LVKVQCSPEL RFFLCSMYAP VCTVLDQAIP PCRSLCERAR QGCEALMNKF GFQWPERLRC ENFPVHGAGE IC 239 Fzd8 ECD CQEITVPLCK GIGYNYTYMP NQFNHDTQDE AGLEVHQFWP LVEIQCSPDL KFFLCSMYTP ICLEDYKKPL PPCRSVCERA KAGCAPLMRQ YGFAWPDRMR CDRLPEQGNP DT 240 54F28 Fzd8-Fc ASAKELACQE ITVPLCKGIG YNYTYMPNQF NHDTQDEAGL EVHQFWPLVE IQCSPDLKFF LCSMYTPICL EDYKKPLPPC RSVCERAKAG CAPLMRQYGF AWPDRMRCDR LPEQGNPDTL CMDYNRTDLT TEPKSSDKTH TCPPCPAPEL LGGPSVFLFP PKPKDTLMIS RTPEVTCVVV DVSHEDPEVK FNWYVDGVEV HNAKTKPREE QYNSTYRVVS VLTVLHQDWL NGKEYKCKVS NKALPAPIEK TISKAKGQPR EPQVYTLPPS RDELTKNQVS LTCLVKGFYP SDIAVEWESN GQPENNYKTT PPVLDSDGSF FLYSKLTVDK SRWQQGNVFS CSVMHEALHN HYTQKSLSLS PGK 241 Anti-Notch QVQLQQSGAE LMKPGASVKI SCKATGYTFS NYWMEWVKQR PGHGLEWIGE N248A antibody ILPGRGRTNY NENFKGKATF TADTSSNTVY MQLNSLTSED SAVYYCARFH heavy chain SSAYYYTMDY WGQRTSVTVS S variable region 242 N248A antibody QAVVTQESAL TTSPGETVTL TCRSSTGAVT TSNYANWVQE KPDHLFTGLI light chain GGTNNRAPGI PARFSGSLIG DKAALTITGA QTEDEAIYFC ALWYSNHWVF variable region GGGTKLTVL 243 N248A HVR-H1 NYWME 244 N248A HVR-H2 EILPGRGRTNYNENFK 245 N248A HVR-H3 FHSSAYYYTMDY 246 N248A HVR-L1 RSSTGAVTTSNYAN 247 N248A HVR-L2 GTNNRAP 248 N248A HVR-L3 ALWYSNHWV 249 Anti-DLL/VEGF QVQLVQSGAE VKKPGASVKI SCKASGYSFT AYYIHWVKQA PGQGLEWIGY 219R45-MB- ISNYNRATNY NQKFKGRVTF TTDTSTSTAY MELRSLRSDD TAVYYCARDY 21R83 heavy DYDVGMDYWG QGTLVTVSS chain variable region (anti-DLL arm) 250 219R45-MB- DIVMTQSPDS LAVSLGERAT ISCRASESVD NYGISFMKWF QQKPGQPPKL 21R83 light chain LIYAASNQGS GVPDRFSGSG SGTDFTLTIS SLQAEDVAVY YCQQSKEVPW variable region TFGGGTKVEI K (anti-DLL arm) 251 219R45-MB- TAYYIH 21R83 HVR-H1 252 219R45-MB- YISNYNRATNYNQKFK 21R83 HVR-H2 253 219R45-MB- RDYDYDVGMDY 21R83 HVR-H3 254 219R45-MB- RASESVDNYGISFMK 21R83 HVR-L1 255 219R45-MB- AASNQGS 21R83 HVR-L2 256 219R45-MB- QQSKEVPWTFGG 21R83 HVR-L3 257 decoy Wnt MEWGYLLEVT SLLAALAVLQ RSSGAAAASA KELACQEITV PLCKGIGYNY receptor, TYMPNQFNHD TQDEAGLEVH QFWPLVEIQC SPDLKFFLCS MYTPICLEDY Frizzled 8 CRD KKPLPPCRSV CERAKAGCAP LMRQYGFAWP DRMRCDRLPE QGNPDTLCMD (FZD8CRD) YNRTDLESGG GGVTDKTHTC PPCPAPELLG GPSVFLFPPK PKDTLMISRT PEVTCVVVDV SHEDPEVKFN WYVDGVEVHN AKTKPREEQY NSTYRVVSVL TVLHQDWLNG KEYKCKVSNK ALPAPIEKTI SKAKGQPREP QVYTLPPSRE EMTKNQVSLT CLVKGFYPSD IAVEWESNGQ PENNYKTTPP VLDSDGSFFL YSKLTVDKSR WQQGNVFSCS VMHEALHNHY TQKSLSLSPG K 258 J1-183D HVR-H1 DYAIH sequence 259 J1-183D_VH and NTYYGDSKYNQKFKD VH_1 HVR-H2 sequence 260 J1-183D_VH_2, NTYYGDSKYAQKFQG VH_3, and VH_4 HVR-H2 sequence 261 J1-183D HVR-H3 GYDGFAY sequence 262 J1-183D HVR-L1 RTSENIYSYLT sequence 263 J1-183D_VL and NAKILAAGV _VL_1 HVR-L2 sequence 264 J1-183D_VL_2 NAKTLASGV HVR-L2 sequence 265 J1-183D_VL_3 NAKILDSGV HVR-L2 sequence 266 J1-183D_VL_4 HAKILDSGV HVR-L2 sequence 267 J1-183D HVR-L3 QHHYDIPWT sequence 268 J1-183D_VL light MSVPTQVLGLLLLWLTDARCDIQLTQSPASLSASVGETVTFTCRTSENIYSYLT chain sequence WYQQKQGKSPQLLVYNAKILAAGVPSRFSGYGSGTQFSLKINSLQPEDFGTYYC QHHYDIPWTFGGGTKLEIKRT 269 J1-183D_VL_1 light MSVPTQVLGLLLLWLTDARCDIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRTSENIYSYLT chain sequence WYQQKPGKAPKLLVYNAKILAAGVPSRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYC QHHYDIPWTFGGGTKLEIKRT 270 J1-183D_VL_2 light MSVPTQVLGLLLLWLTDARCDIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRTSENIYSYLT chain sequence WYQQKPGKAPKLLIYNAKTLASGVPSRFSGSGSGTDFTL TISSLQPEDFATYYCQHHYDIPWTFGGGTKLEIKRT 271 J1-183D_VL_ 3 MSVPTQVLGLLLLWLTDARCDIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRTSENIYSYLT light chain sequence WYQQKPGKAPKLLIYNAKILDSGVPSRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYC QHHYDIPWTFGGGTKLEIKRT 272 J1-183D_VL_4 light MSVPTQVLGLLLLWLTDARCDIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRTSENIYSYLT chain sequence WYQQKPGKAPKLLIYHAKILDSGVPSRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYC QHHYDIPWTFGGGTKLEIKRT 273 J1-183D_VH heavy MEWSWVFLFFLSVTTGVHSQVQLQQPGTELVRPGVSVKISCKVSGYAFTDYAIH chain sequence WIMQSHAKSLEWIGIINTYYGDSKYNQKFKDKATMTVDKSSNTAYMELARLTSE DSAIYYCARGYDGFAYWGQGTLVTVSSASTKGP 274 J1-183D_VH_1 MEWSWVFLFFLSVTTGVHSQVQLVQSGAELKKPGASVKVSCKVSGYAFTDYAIH heavy chain WIRQAPGQGLEWMGIINTYYGDSKYNQKFKDRVTMTVDKSTSTAYMELSSLRSE sequence DTAVYYCARGYDGFAYWGQGTLVTVSSASTKGP 275 J1-183D_VH_2 MEWSWVFLFFLSVTTGVHSQVQLVQSGAELKKPGASVKVSCKVSGYAFTDYAIH heavy chain WIRQAPGQGLEWMGIINTYYGDSKYAQKFQGRVTMTVDTSTSTAYMELSSLRSE sequence DTAVYYCARGYDGFAYWGQGTLVTVSSASTKGP 276 J1-183D_VH_3 MEWSWVFLFFLSVTTGVHSQVQLVQSGAELKKPGASVKVSCKVSGYAFTDYAIH heavy chain WVRQAPGQGLEWMGIINTYYGDSKYAQKFQGRVTMTVDTSTSTAYMELSSLRSE sequence DTAVYYCARGYDGFAYWGQGTLVTVSSASTKGP 277 J1-183D_VH_4 MEWSWVFLFFLSVTTGVHSQVQLVQSGAEVKKPGASVKVSCKASGYTFTDYAIH heavy chain WVRQAPGQGLEWMGIINTYYGDSKYAQKFQGRVTMTVDTSTSTAYMELSSLRSE sequence DTAVYYCARGYDGFAYWGQGTLVTVSSASTKGP 278 J1-65D HVR-H1 DYEMH 279 J1-65D_VH and QPGGGGTAYNQKFKG VH_1 HVR-H2 280 J1-65D_VH_2 QPGGGGTAYAQKFKG HVR-H2 281 J1-65D_VH_3 and QPGGGGTAYAQKFQG VH_4 HVR-H2 282 J1-65D HVR-H3 RGYDDYPFAY 283 J1-65D_VL, VL_1, RASGNIHNYLA VL_2, and VL_3 HVR-L1 284 J1-65D_VL_4 RASQGIHNYLA HVR-L1 285 J1-65D_VL HVR- NAKTLADDI L2 286 J1-65D_VL_1 NAKTLADDV HVR-L2 287 J1-65D_VL_2, NAKTLADAV VL_3, and VL_4 HVR-L2 288 J1-65D_VL, VL_1, QHFWSAPWT VL_2, and VL_3 HVR-L3 289 J1-65D_VL_4 QQFWSAPWT HVR-L3 290 J1-65D_VL MSVPTQVLGLLLLWLTDARCDIQLQSPASLSASVGETVTITCRASGNIHNYLAW light chain sequence YQQKQGKSPQLLVYNAKTLADDIPSRFSGSGSGTQYSLKINSLQPEDFGSYYCQ HFWSAPWTFGGGTKLEIKRT 291 J1-65D_VL_1 light MSVPTQVLGLLLLWLTDARCDIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASGNIHNYLA chain sequence WYQQKPGKAPKLLIYNAKTLADDVPSRFSGSGSGTDYTLTISSLQPEDFATYYC QHFWSAPWTFGGGTKLEIKRT 292 J1-65D_VL_2 light MSVPTQVLGLLLLWLTDARCDIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASGNIHNYLA chain sequence WYQQKPGKAPKLLIYNAKTLADAVPSRFSGSGSGTDYTLTISSLQPEDFATYYC QHFWSAPWTFGGGTKLEIKRT 293 J1-65D_VL_3 1ight MSVPTQVLGLLLLWLTDARCDIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASGNIHNYLA chain sequence WYQQKPGKAPKLLIYNAKTLADAVPSRFSGSGSGTDYTLTISSLQPEDFATYYC QHFWSAPWTFGQGTKLEIKRT 294 J1-65D_VL_4 light MSVPTQVLGLLLLWLTDARCDIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQGIHNYLA chain sequence WYQQKPGKAPKLLIYNAKTLADAVPSRFSGSGSGTDYTLTISSLQPEDFATYYC QQFWSAPWTFGQGTKLEIKRT 295 J1-65D_VH heavy MEWSWVFLFFLSVTTGVHSQVQLQQPGAELVRPGASVKLSCKALGYTFTDYEMH chain sequence WVKETPVHGLEWIGAIQPGGGGTAYNQKFKGKATLTADKSSSTAYMELSSLTSE DSAVYYCTRRGYDDYPFAYWGQGTLVTVSSASTKGP 296 J1-65D_VH_1 MEWSWVFLFFLSVTTGVHSQVQLVQSGAELKKPGSSVKVSCKASGYTFTDYEMH heavy chain WVRQAPGQGLEWMGAIQPGGGGTAYNQKFKGRVTLTADKSTSTAYMELSSLRSE sequence DTAVYYCTRRGYDDYPFAYWGQGTLVTVSSASTKGP 297 J1-65D_VH_2 MEWSWVFLFFLSVTTGVHSQVQLVQSGAELKKPGSSVKVSCKASGYTFTDYEMH heavy chain WVRQAPGQGLEWMGAIQPGGGGTAYAQKFKGRVTLTADKSTSTAYMELSSLRSE sequence DTAVYYCTRRGYDDYPFAYWGQGTLVTVSSASTKGP 298 J1-65D_VH_3 MEWSWVFLFFLSVTTGVHSQVQLVQSGAEVKKPGSSVKVSCKASGYTFTDYEMH heavy chain WVRQAPGQGLEWMGAIQPGGGGTAYAQKFQGRVTLTADKSTSTAYMELSSLRSE sequence DTAVYYCTRRGYDDYPFAYWGQGTLVTVSSASTKGP 299 J1-65D_VH_4 MEWSWVFLFFLSVTTGVHSQVQLVQSGAEVKKPGSSVKVSCKASGYTFTDYEMH heavy chain WVRQAPGQGLEWMGAIQPGGGGTAYAQKFQGRVTITADKSTSTAYMELSSLRSE sequence DTAVYYCTRRGYDDYPFAYWGQGTLVTVSSASTKGP 300 131R010 HVR H1 KASGYTFT DYS 301 131R010 HVR H2 IYPSNGDS 302 131R010 HVR H3 ATYF ANNFDY 303 131R010FIVRL1 QSVD YDGDSYM 304 131R010FIVRL2 AASNLES 305 131R010FIVRL3 QQSNEDPLT 306 131R010 heavy QVQLVQSGAE VKKPGASVKV SCKASGYTFT DYSIHWVRQA PGQGLEWIGY chain variable IYPSNGDSGY NQKFKNRVTM TRDTSTSTAY MELSRLRSED TAVYYCATYF region ANNFDYWGQG TTLTVSS 307 131R010 light chain DIQMTQSPSS LSASVGDRVT ITCKASQSVD YDGDSYMNWY QQKPGKAPKL variable region LIYAASNLES GVPSRFSGSG SGTDFTLTIS PVQAEDFATY YCQQSNEDPL TFGAGTKLEL KRT 308 89M5 HVR-H1 TGYTMH 309 89M5 HVR-H2 GINPNNGGTTYNQNFKG 310 89M5 HVR-H3 KEFSDGYYFFAY 311 89M5 HVR-L1 KASQDVIFAVA 312 89M5 HVR-L2 WASTRHT 313 89M5 HVR-L3 QQHYSTPW 314 89M5 heavy chain EVQLQQSGPE LVKPGASVKI SCKTSGYTFT GYTMHWVRQS HGKTLEWIGG variable region INPNNGGTTY NQNFKGKATL TVEKSSTTAY LELRSLTSED SALYYCARKE FSDGYYFFAY WGQGTLVTVS A 315 89M5 light chain DIVMTQSHKF MSTSVGDRVN ITCKASQDVI FAVAWYQQKP GQSPKLLIYW variable region ASTRHTGVPD RFTGSVSGTD YTLTISSVQA EDLALYYCQQ HYSTPWTFGG GTKLEIK 316 130M23 HVR-H1 SSYAMS 317 130M23 HVR-H2 SISSGGSTYYPDSVKG 318 130M23 HVR-H3 RGGDPGVYNGDYEDAMDY 319 130M23 HVR-L1 KASQDVSSAVA 320 130M23 HVR-L2 WASTRHT 321 130M23 HVR-L3 QQHYSTP 322 130M23 heavy EVKLVESGGG LVKPGGSLKF SCAASGFSFS SYAMSWVRQT PEKRLEWVAS chain variable ISSGGSTYYP DSVKGRFTIS RDNVRNILYL QMSSLASEDT AMYFCARGGD region PGVYNGDYED AMDYWGQGTS VTVSS 323 130M23 light chain DIVMTQSHKF MSTSVGDRVS ITCKASQDVS SAVAWYQQKP GQSPKLLIYW variable region ASTRHTGVPD RFTNSGSGTD YTLTISSVQA EDLALYYCQQ HYSTPWTFGG GTKLEIK 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of alleviating toxicity associated with Notch pathway inhibition comprising administering to an individual being treated with a Notch pathway inhibitor an effective amount of at least one Wnt pathway inhibitor, wherein the toxicity comprises one or more of diarrhea, gastrointestinal bleeding, and secretory metaplasia.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the Wnt pathway inhibitor is administered before, at the same time as, or after the individual has been administered at least one dose of a Notch pathway inhibitor.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein administration of at least one Wnt pathway inhibitor alleviates the diarrhea or gastrointestinal bleeding or both.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the individual is being treated for cancer.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the method results in reduced toxicity compared to toxicity observed with the at least one Notch pathway inhibitor alone.
 6. The method of claim 4, wherein the cancer is selected from breast cancer, lung cancer, brain cancer, cervical cancer, colon cancer, liver cancer, bile duct cancer, pancreatic cancer, skin cancer, B-cell malignancies, and T-cell malignancies.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the Notch pathway inhibitor is a gamma-secretase inhibitor.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the Notch pathway inhibitor inhibits at least one protein selected from Notch1, Notch2, Notch3, Notch4, DLL1, DLL4, Jagged1, and Jagged2.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the Notch pathway inhibitor inhibits Notch1 and Notch2 or inhibits Notch 2 and Notch
 3. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the Notch pathway inhibitor is an anti-Notch antibody.
 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the anti-Notch antibody is an anti-Notch NRR antibody or an anti-Notch antibody that binds to the EGF-like repeat domain of Notch.
 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the anti-Notch antibody is selected from: a) an antibody comprising HVR-H1, HVR-H2, HVR-H3, HVR-L1, HVR-L2, and HVR-L3 shown in SEQ ID NOs: 35 to 40, respectively; b) an antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region and a light chain variable region shown in SEQ ID NOs: 33 and 34, respectively; c) an antibody comprising HVR-H1, HVR-H2, HVR-H3, HVR-L1, HVR-L2, and HVR-L3 shown in SEQ ID NOs: 27 to 32, respectively; d) an antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region and a light chain variable region shown in SEQ ID NOs: 25 and 26, respectively; e) an antibody comprising HVR-H1, HVR-H2, HVR-H3, HVR-L1, HVR-L2, and HVR-L3 shown in SEQ ID NOs: 43, 46, 48, 49, 50, and 53, respectively; f) an antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region and a light chain variable region shown in SEQ ID NOs: 41 and 42, respectively; g) an antibody comprising HVR-H1, HVR-H2, HVR-H3, HVR-L1, HVR-L2, and HVR-L3 shown in SEQ ID NOs: 58 to 60, 64, 67, and 71, respectively; h) an antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region and a light chain variable region shown in SEQ ID NOs: 55 and 56, respectively; i) an antibody comprising HVR-H1, HVR-H2, HVR-H3, HVR-L1, HVR-L2, and HVR-L3 shown in SEQ ID NOs: 74, 75, 77, and 79-81, respectively; and j) an antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region and a light chain variable region shown in SEQ ID NOs: 72 and 73, respectively k) an antibody comprising HVR-H1, HVR-H2, HVR-H3, HVR-L1, HVR-L2, and HVR-L3 shown in SEQ ID NOs: 243 to 248, respectively; and l) an antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region and a light chain variable region shown in SEQ ID NOs: 241 and 242, respectively.
 13. The method of claim 8, wherein the Notch pathway inhibitor inhibits at least one protein selected from Jagged1 and Jagged2.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the Notch pathway inhibitor is an anti-Jagged antibody.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the anti-Jagged antibody is selected from: a) an antibody comprising HVR-H1, HVR-H2, HVR-H3, HVR-L1, HVR-L2, and HVR-L3 shown in SEQ ID NOs: 108-113, respectively; b) an antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region and a light chain variable region shown in SEQ ID NOs: 106 and 107, respectively; c) an antibody comprising HVR-H1, HVR-H2, HVR-H3, HVR-L1, HVR-L2, and HVR-L3 shown in SEQ ID NOs: 116-121, respectively; d) an antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region and a light chain variable region shown in SEQ ID NOs: 114 and 115, respectively; e) an antibody comprising HVR-H1, HVR-H2, HVR-H3, HVR-L1, HVR-L2, and HVR-L3 shown in SEQ ID NOs: 124-129, respectively; f) an antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region and a light chain variable region shown in SEQ ID NOs: 122 and 123, respectively; g) an antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region and a light chain variable region shown in SEQ ID NOs: 130 and 131, respectively; h) an antibody comprising HVR-H1, HVR-H2, HVR-H3, HVR-L1, HVR-L2, and HVR-L3 shown in SEQ ID NOs: 134-139, respectively; i) an antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region and a light chain variable region shown in SEQ ID NOs: 132 and 133, respectively; j) an antibody comprising HVR-H1, HVR-H2, HVR-H3, HVR-L1, HVR-L2, and HVR-L3 shown in SEQ ID NOs: 142-147, respectively; k) an antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region and a light chain variable region shown in SEQ ID NOs: 140 and 141, respectively; l) an antibody comprising HVR-H1, HVR-H2, HVR-H3, HVR-L1, HVR-L2, and HVR-L3 shown in SEQ ID NOs: 150-155, respectively; m) an antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region and a light chain variable region shown in SEQ ID NOs: 148 and 149, respectively; n) an antibody comprising HVR-H1, HVR-H2, HVR-H3, HVR-L1, HVR-L2, and HVR-L3 shown in SEQ ID NOs: 158-163, respectively; o) an antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region and a light chain variable region shown in SEQ ID NOs: 156 and 157, respectively; p) an antibody comprising HVR-H1, HVR-H2, HVR-H3, HVR-L1, HVR-L2, and HVR-L3 shown in SEQ ID NOs: 166-171, respectively; q) an antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region and a light chain variable region shown in SEQ ID NOs: 164 and 165, respectively; r) an antibody comprising HVR-H1, HVR-H2, HVR-H3, HVR-L1, HVR-L2, and HVR-L3 shown in SEQ ID NOs: 174-179, respectively; s) an antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region and a light chain variable region shown in SEQ ID NOs: 172 and 173, respectively; t) an antibody comprising HVR-H1 of SEQ ID NO: 258, HVR-H2 selected from SEQ ID NOs: 259 and 260, HVR-H3 of SEQ ID NO: 261, HVR-L1 of SEQ ID NO: 262, HVR-L2 selected from SEQ ID NOs: 263 to 266, and HVR-L3 of SEQ ID NO: 267; u) an antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region selected from SEQ ID NOs: 273 to 277 and a light chain variable region selected from SEQ ID NOs: 268 to 272; v) an antibody comprising HVR-H1 of SEQ ID NO: 278, HVR-H2 selected from SEQ ID NOs: 279 to 281, HVR-H3 of SEQ ID NO: 282, HVR-L1 selected from SEQ ID NOs: 283 and 284, HVR-L2 selected from SEQ ID NOs: 285 to 287, and HVR-L3 selected from SEQ ID NOs: 288 and 289; and w) an antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region selected from SEQ ID NOs: 295 to 299 and a light chain variable region selected from SEQ ID NOs: 290 to
 294. 16. The method of 8, wherein the Notch pathway inhibitor inhibits at least one protein selected from DLL1 and DLL4.
 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the Notch pathway inhibitor is an anti-DLL antibody.
 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the anti-DLL antibody is an antibody selected from: a) an antibody comprising HVR-H1, HVR-H2, HVR-H3, HVR-L1, HVR-L2, and HVR-L3 shown in SEQ ID NOs: 182-187, respectively; b) an antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region and a light chain variable region shown in SEQ ID NOs: 180 and 181, respectively; c) an antibody comprising HVR-H1, HVR-H2, HVR-H3, HVR-L1, HVR-L2, and HVR-L3 shown in SEQ ID NOs: 190-195, respectively; d) an antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region and a light chain variable region shown in SEQ ID NOs: 188 and 189, respectively; e) an antibody comprising HVR-H1, HVR-H2, HVR-H3, HVR-L1, HVR-L2, and HVR-L3 shown in SEQ ID NOs: 251-256, respectively; and f) an antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region and a light chain variable region shown in SEQ ID NOs: 249 and 250, respectively.
 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the anti-DLL antibody is a bispecific antibody that binds to DLL4 and VEGF.
 20. The method of claim 1, wherein the Wnt pathway inhibitor inhibits at least one protein selected from a Wnt, an LRP, an RSPO, and a Fzd.
 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the Wnt pathway inhibitor inhibits LRP5, LRP6, or both LRP5 and LRP6.
 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the Wnt pathway inhibitor is an anti-LRP antibody.
 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the anti-LRP antibody is selected from: a) an antibody comprising HVR-H1, HVR-H2, HVR-H3, HVR-L1, HVR-L2, and HVR-L3 shown in SEQ ID NOs: 198-203, respectively; b) an antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region and a light chain variable region shown in SEQ ID NOs: 196 and 197, respectively; c) an antibody comprising HVR-H1, HVR-H2, HVR-H3, HVR-L1, HVR-L2, and HVR-L3 shown in SEQ ID NOs: 206-211, respectively; d) an antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region and a light chain variable region shown in SEQ ID NOs: 204 and 205, respectively; e) a bispecific antibody comprising a first half antibody comprising HVR-H1, HVR-H2, HVR-H3, HVR-L1, HVR-L2, and HVR-L3 shown in SEQ ID NOs: 198-203, respectively, and a second half antibody comprising HVR-H1, HVR-H2, HVR-H3, HVR-L1, HVR-L2, and HVR-L3 shown in SEQ ID NOs: 206-211, respectively; f) a bispecific antibody comprising a first half antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region and a light chain variable region shown in SEQ ID NOs: 196 and 197, respectively, and a second half antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region and a light chain variable region shown in SEQ ID NOs: 204 and 205, respectively; g) an antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region and a light chain variable region shown in SEQ ID NOs: 220 and 221, respectively; h) an antibody comprising HVR-H1, HVR-H2, HVR-H3, HVR-L1, HVR-L2, and HVR-L3 shown in SEQ ID NOs: 214-219, respectively; and i) an antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region and a light chain variable region shown in SEQ ID NOs: 212 and 213, respectively.
 24. The method of claim 20, wherein the Wnt pathway inhibitor inhibits at least one Fzd.
 25. The method of claim 24, wherein the Wnt pathway inhibitor is an anti-Fzd antibody.
 26. The method of claim 25, wherein the anti-Fzd antibody is an antibody selected from: a) an antibody comprising HVR-H1, HVR-H2, HVR-H3, HVR-L1, HVR-L2, and HVR-L3 shown in SEQ ID NOs: 224-229, respectively; b) an antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region and a light chain variable region shown in SEQ ID NOs: 222 and 223, respectively c) an antibody comprising HVR-H1, HVR-H2, HVR-H3, HVR-L1, HVR-L2, and HVR-L3 shown in SEQ ID NOs: 232-237, respectively; and d) an antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region and a light chain variable region shown in SEQ ID NOs: 230 and 231, respectively.
 27. The method of claim 24, wherein the Wnt pathway inhibitor is a soluble Fzd.
 28. The method of claim 27, wherein the soluble Fzd comprises an Fzd extracellular domain and an Fc.
 29. The method of claim 27, wherein the soluble Fzd is a soluble Fzd8.
 30. The method of claim 29, wherein the soluble Fzd8 comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 240 or SEQ ID NO:
 257. 31. The method of claim 20, wherein the Wnt pathway inhibitor inhibits at least one R-spondin (RSPO).
 32. The method of claim 31, wherein the Wnt pathway inhibitor is an anti-RSPO antibody.
 33. The method of claim 32, wherein the anti-RSPO antibody is an antibody selected from: a) an antibody comprising HVR-H1, HVR-H2, HVR-H3, HVR-L1, HVR-L2, and HVR-L3 shown in SEQ ID NOs: 300-305, respectively; b) an antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region and a light chain variable region shown in SEQ ID NOs: 306 and 307, respectively; c) an antibody comprising HVR-H1, HVR-H2, HVR-H3, HVR-L1, HVR-L2, and HVR-L3 shown in SEQ ID NOs: 308-313, respectively; d) an antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region and a light chain variable region shown in SEQ ID NOs: 314 and 315, respectively; e) an antibody comprising HVR-H1, HVR-H2, HVR-H3, HVR-L1, HVR-L2, and HVR-L3 shown in SEQ ID NOs: 316-321, respectively; and f) an antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region and a light chain variable region shown in SEQ ID NOs: 322 and 323, respectively.
 34. The method of claim 20, wherein the Wnt pathway inhibitor inhibits at least one Wnt.
 35. The method of claim 34, wherein the Wnt pathway inhibitor is an anti-Wnt antibody.
 36. The method of claim 20, wherein the Wnt pathway inhibitor is a small molecule.
 37. The method of claim 36, wherein the Wnt pathway inhibitor is selected from LGK974 (2-(2′,3-dimethyl-[2,4′-bipyridin]-5-yl)-N-(5-(pyrazin-2-yl)pyridin-2-yl)acetamide), AVN316 (Avalon Pharmaceuticals), and PRI-724 (Prism Pharma Co.). 